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Chapter 7 · Human Health and Disease

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#1 SUB 2M

Question

List the factors that affects our health.

Answer

Our health is affected by the following:
(1) Genetic Disorder : A child is born with a defect and the effects of defects which the child inherits from parents from birth.
(2) Infections : Due to pathogens.
(3) Our way of life : Including the food we eat, the water we are drink, the rest and exercise we give the body, the habits we possess or lack.
#2 SUB 2M

Question

What is health? Why is important to maintain good health?

Answer

Health is not the 'absence of disease' or 'physical well-being' but health is being physically, mentally, emotionally and socially healthy. Health is increased life expectancy, as well as reduced infant and maternal mortality.
Importance of maintaing good health:
(1) When people are healthy, they can work more efficiently.
(2) A balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercises also, help to maintain good health is important.
(3) Yoga has also been practiced since ancient times to achieve physical and mental health.
(4) Awareness of diseases and their effects on various functions of the body , vaccination against communicable diseases, proper disposal of excreta, control of vectors and maintenance of hygienic food and water supply etc are essential for attaining good health.
#3 SUB 2M

Question

What is a disease? In which groups are diseases classified? Explain with example.

Answer

When the functions of one or more organs or systems of the body are adversely affected, due to which various reasons and signs or symptoms are observed. It is called a disease.
(Dis-not, ease i.e. not in ease)
Diseases are divided into groups like infectious and non-infectious or communicable or non-communicable.

(1) Contagious diseases : Diseases that can be transferred/spread easily from one person to another are called contagious diseases. Infectious diseases are common but some infectious diseases such as AIDS are fatal.

(2) Non-Contagious diseases : Diseases which can not be spread from one person to another are called non-contagious diseases e.g.

Cancer is a non-contagious disease, but it is a main reason of death.
Consumption of drugs and alcohol also adversely affects our health.
#4 SN 2M

Question

Short note on : Typhoid

Answer

Pathogen : Salmonella typhi
Spread through :
  • contaminated food and water
Signs/symptoms :

(1) Persistent high fever (39°C to 40°C)

(2) Weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite.

(3) In severe cases intestinal perforation and sometimes death are possible.

Diagnosis : Widal test
Treatment : Antibiotics
#5 SN 2M PYQ 🖼 1

Question

Short note: Pneumonia
OR
Explain the disease and their symptoms caused by Haemophilus influenzae
(MARCH 2025, JULY 2023, May, 2021, March/April 2022)
OR
Describe symptoms and causative agent of pneumonia in human.

Answer

Pathogen : Streptococcus pneumoniac and Haemophilus influenza
Spread through :
  • Droplets or aerosols released by an infected person through coughing or sneezing. Inhalation or by using the utensils of an infected person.
  • As a result of infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problem in respiration.
Symptoms :
  • Fever, chills, cough and headache
  • In severe condition, the lips and fingers become gray to blue in color.
Treatment : Antibiotics
#6 SN 2M

Question

Write short note on Common cold

Answer

Pathogen : Rhino virus and some other viruses.
Spreads through :

(1) Droplets resulting from cough and sneeze of an infected person are either inhalated direct by transmitted through pen, book, glass, door handle, computer keyboard or mouse etc.

(2) Rhino virus infects the nose and respiratory tract, but does not infect the lungs.

Symptoms :

(1) Nasal congestion and discharge, dry throat, runny nose, cough, headache, fatigue etc.

(2) These symptoms are observed for three to seven days.

#7 SUB 3M

Question

Write in short about pathogen, spread of disease and symptoms of Ringworm

Answer

(1) Pathogen : Fungi – like Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton.
(2) Spread through :
This fungus is usually spread through soil or through the use of towels, clothes or combs of an infected person.

(3) Symptoms :

(1) It appears as dry, scaly lesions (ring like) on various parts of the body like skin, nails and scalp etc.
(2) Such lesions are intensely itchy.
(3) A warm and moist environment in areas such as folded skin, thighs and toes encourages the growth of fungus.
#8 SUB 🖼 1

Question

What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?

Answer

Health measures as a safeguard against infectious diseases. The public health measures that can be taken be avoid infectious are as follows :
(1) Immunisation drives : The populations should be vaccinated timely against infectious disease and properly so that they don't develop diseases.
(2) Awareness : Everybody should be educated or made aware of infectious diseases so that they can protect themselves from them.
(3) Cleanliness and sanitation : Public sanitation measures is good for avoiding infectious diseases. We should maintain cleanliness in our surroundings.
(4) Clean water supply : One should also maintain cleanliness and consume only clean drinking water and contamination-free fruits and vegetables.
(5) Eradication of vectors : The vectors of diseases must be eradicated by destroying the breeding sites of many vectors.
#9 SUB 2M

Question

How does the study of biology help us to control infectious diseases?
[NCERT Exercise Q.2]

Answer

Various advancements in the field of biology give us insight into how to fight various infectious diseases.
With the knowledge of biology, the life cycle of parasites, pathogens and disease carriers can be studied and measures can be taken to control them.
Infectious diseases like small pox, measles, tuberculosis can be controlled by vaccination.
With the help of biotechnology, new effective and safe drugs, antibiotics and vaccines can be prepared.
#10 SUB 3M

Question

What are pathogens? Elaborate and give examples.

Answer

Many organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, worms are responsible for causing diseases in humans. Such disease causing organisms are called pathogens.
All parasites are pathogenic because they harm the host by staying in or on it. Pathogens enter our body throught many ways, multiply, disturb our essential functions.
As a result, external and functional disturbance occurs.
Pathogen has to adapt its life according to the internal environment of the host and also, resist to other factors. Such as.
Shows ability to survive in pH (< 7) and resist various digestive enzymes.
Examples :

Table

Disease

Pathogens

1

Typhoid

Salmonella typhi

2

Pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

3

Common cold

Rhino virus

4

Malaria

Plasmodium species

5

Ascariasis

Ascaris lumbricoides

6

Elephantiasis/Filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

7

Ringworm

Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton

#11 SUB 2M

Question

What measures will you take to prevent the spread of water borne diseases?
[NCERT Exercise Q.4]

Answer

Water borne diseases are :
Cholera, Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Ascariasis etc.
Measures to prevent spread :

(1) Reservoirs, pools, cess pools, tanks etc. should be periodically cleaned and kept clean.

(2) Purification of waste water through sewage plant.

(3) Chlorination of water and use it as drinking water.

#12 SUB 2M

Question

What public awareness measures do you suggest to protect against communicable diseases?
OR
What are the measures should be taken for control of infectious / communicable diseases?

Answer

Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is very important for prevention and control of many infectious diseases.
(1) Personal hygiene : Measures for personal hygiene include keeping the body clean; consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc.
(2) Public hygiene : Public hygiene includes proper disposal of waste and excreta; periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks and observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering.
These measures are particularly essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as typhoid, amoebiasis and ascariasis.

(3) Social distancing & Wearing mask : In cases of air-borne diseases such as pneumonia and common cold, in addition to the above measures, close contact with the infected persons or their belongings should be avoided.

For diseases such as malaria and filariasis that are transmitted through insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the vectors and their breeding places.
This can be achieved by avoiding stagnation of water in and around residential areas, regular cleaning of household coolers, use of mosquito nets.
Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps, etc.
#13 SUB 3M 🖼 1

Question

Give information about the diseases caused by worms in humans.
OR
Give the name and character of the disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, Trichophyton and Wuchereria in human.

Answer

Worm like Roundworm and Wuchereria like filariasis worm (elephantiasis worm) are pathogenic in humans.
1) Ascariasis :
Intestinal parasitic worms (Ascaris lumbricoids) cause this disease.
Spreads through :
  • The eggs of this parasite come out with the faeces of the infected person. It contaminates the soil, water and plants. Its infects a healthy person by consuming such contaminated severe cases of infection. (vegetables, fruits etc. causes)
Symptoms :
  • Internal bleeding, fever, anemia and intestinal obstruction.

2) Elephantiasis - Filariasis :

Pathogens : Wuchereria (W.bancrofti and W.malayi)
Spread through :
  • The pathogen are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite by female mosquito vector (Culex fatigans).
Symptoms :
  • These worms slowly developing chronic inflammation in the lymphatic vessels of a person and remain in the host for years, the leg below the knee gets swollen like the leg of an elephant, hence the disease is called elephantiasis.
  • Often the genitals are also affected by this disease, causing many deformities.
#14 SUB 2M

Question

Explain : Amoebiasis.

Answer

Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) : Pathogen is Entamoeba histolytica.
Mode of transmission : Houseflies (carriers) transmit parasites from faeces to food and water.
Symptoms : Constipation, abdominal pain and cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood clots.
#15 SUB 4M PYQ 🖼 2

Question

Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium (with diagram). (JUNE 2025)

Answer

(1) Plasmodium enters the human body in the form of sporozoites when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a human.
(2) Initially this parasite multiplies in the liver cells and then invades the blood cells causing RBC's to rupture.
(3) Rupture of RBC releases a toxic substance called Haemozoin, which causes chills and high fever for 3 to 4 days.
(4) At this stage, when a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, the parasite enters the mosquito's body, where it develops further and multiply and form sporozoites.
(5) This sporozoite is stored in the salivary gland of the mosquito.
When this infected female mosquito bites a person, the parasite enters her body and develops.
Malaria parasite requires two hosts to complete its life cycle,
1) Human, 2) Mosquitoes.
Reproduction in Plasmodium
Asexual reproduction in humans :
(1) The parasite reproduces in the human RBC and destroys the RBC.
(2) In RBC the sexual stage (germ cells) develop male and female (male-microgametes, female-mega gamete).
These gametes enter mosquitoes from humans through mosquito bites.
Sexual reproduction in mosquito :
The Gametes entered into the mosquito from the human being are fertilized in the intestine of the mosquito and develop.
In order to develop, the sporozoite stage is stored in the salivary gland of the mosquito.
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium.
Different species of Plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale) are responsible for different types of malaria.
#16 SUB 2M

Question

What is active immunity?

Answer

When a host is exposed to antigens, antibodies are produced in the host body.
Active immunity is slow.
It takes more time to give full effective response.
Injecting the microbes deliberately during immunisation or infectious organisms gaining access into body induces active immunity.
Antigens may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins.
#17 SUB 🖼 1

Question

What does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccine? Discuss.

Answer

Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides from the suitable gene which is a segment of DNA.
This DNA is cloned in to host cell, which now produce protein and used as vaccine.
#18 SUB ▦ 1

Question

Give the difference between Innate and Acquired Immunity.

Answer

Innate Immunity

Acquired Immunity

1) Innate immunity includes all the defence elements with which an individual is born.

1) Acquired immunity responds to exposure to a pathogen, based on memory.

2) It consists of various types of barriers that prevent the entry of foreign agents.

2) Animals develop resistance in the body to fight diseases during their life.
#19 SUB ▦ 1

Question

Give the difference : Active immunity and passive immunity

Answer

Active Immunity

Passive Immunity

1) When a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body.

1) When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called passive immunity.

2) It has long lasting effect.

2) It has short term
effect.

3) Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response.

3) Its effect is fast and gives immediate relief to the patient.

4) By injecting the microbes deliberately during immunisation active immunity can be achieved.

4) Example : IgA antibody in the colostrum of mother gives passive immunity to new born infant.
#20 SUB 2M

Question

Explain autoimmunity.

Answer

In higher lineages, memory-based acquired immunity is based on the ability to distinguish between self and non self (pathogens), which can be understood from two principles:
(i) Higher order lineages can differentiate into foreign cells as well as foreign organisms. Much of experimental immunology runs on this aspect.
(ii) Sometimes due to genetic or other unknown reasons, the body attacks its own cells, resulting in damage to the body, which is called an auto-immune disease.
Example :
Gout (rheumatoid arthritis).
#21 SUB 2M

Question

State the types of acquired immunity.

Answer

There are 2 types of acquired immunity :
1) Antibody mediated (B-cell based)
2) Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) (T-cell based)
#22 SUB

Question

Describe primary lymphoid organ.

Answer

Lymphoid organs: These are the organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur.
The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.
After maturation the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen.

(a) Bone marrow : The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced.

(b) Thymus : The thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone.

The thymus is quite large at the time of birth but keeps reducing in size with age and by the time puberty is attained it reduces to a very small size.
Both bone-marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
#23 SUB

Question

Where are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes formed? How do they differ from each other ?

Answer

B-cells and T-cells both are lymphocytes and they are formed in bone marrow.
B-cells :

(1) They differentiate in bone marrow.

(2) They produce antibody (Protein) against antigen.

T-cells :

(1) They differentiate in thymus.

(2) T-lymphocytes help B-cells to produce antibody or killer T-cells which directly attack on antigen.

  • They are involved in Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
#24 SUB

Question

What is passive immunity ?

Answer

When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called passive immunity.
It has short term effect.
Its effect is fast and gives immediate relief to the patient.
Example : IgA antibody in the colostrum of mother gives passive immunity to new born infant.
The foetus also receives some antibodies from their mother, through the placenta during pregnancy.
#25 SUB

Question

Explain vaccination and immunization.

Answer

The principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of 'memory' of the immune system.
In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body.
The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection .
The vaccines also generate memory - B and T-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies.
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required as in tetanus, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies, or antitoxin (a preparation containing antibodies to the toxin).
Even in case of snakebites, the injection which is given to the patients, contains preformed antibodies against the snake venom. This type of immunisation is called passive immunisation.
Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogens in bacteria or yeast.
Vaccines produced using this approach allow large scale production and hence greater availability for immunisation, e.g., hepatitis B vaccine produced from yeast.
#26 SUB 2M

Question

What is allergy? Discuss in detail about it?
OR
Describe about the exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigen present in the environment

Answer

An exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy.
Allergens : Substances causing allergy are called Allergens.
e.g. Dust mites, pollen, animal dung etc. are common examples of allergens.
Allergy Symptoms :
  • Sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, difficulty in breathing etc.
  • Antibodies produced for allergy are of
    Ig-E type.
  • Allergies are caused by histamine and serotonin chemicals secreted from mast cells.
  • Allergy symptoms can be quickly reduced by medicines like antihistamines, adrenaline and steroids.
  • Nowadays, due to the modern lifestyle, immunity has decreased and sensitivity to allergens has increased.
  • In big cities of India mostly children are becoming victims of allergies and asthma due to their sensitivity towards the environment. The reason for this is to keep the child in a more secure family from the beginning.
#27 SUB 3M

Question

Explain innate immunity in detail.
OR
Explain cellular barrier and cytokine barrier of innate immunity.

Answer

Innate immunity is non-specific immunity, which is present at the time of birth.
1) Physical barrier:
Our skin is the main physical barrier that prevents the entry of microorganisms.
Mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract also helps to prevent germs from entering the body.
2) Physiological barrier:
Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears in the eyes etc. inhibit the growth of pathogens.
3) Cellular Barrier:
Certain types of Leucocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho - nuclear leukocytes (PMNL - neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytise and destroy microbes.
4) Cytokine barrier:
Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons, which protect other uninfected cells from virus infection.
#28 SUB

Question

Give names of Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs.

Answer

(1) Primary lymphoid organs - Bone marrow and Thymus.
(2) Secondary lymphoid organs - spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix.
#29 SUB 3M

Question

Give information about primary and secondary lymphoid organ.
OR
Explain lymphatic organs of human lymphatic system. (Diagram is not required)

Answer

These are the organs where origin/maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur. These are of two types : Primary and Secondary.
(a) Primary lymphoid organs
  • The organs where lymphocytes are matured and differentiated to antigen-sensitive lymphocytes. It is of two types :
1) Bone marrow :
  • The site of formation of all blood cells including B and T-lymphocytes.
2) Thymus :
  • A bilobed organ seen near the heart and beneath the breastbone. It is large during birth but gradually reduces in size and becomes very small-sized in puberty. Immature T-lymphocytes from bone marrow is migrated to thymus and matured.
(b) Secondary lymphoid organs
  • The organs, to which matured lymphocytes migrate from primary lymphoid organs, interact with antigens and then proliferate to become effector cells.
  • The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector cells.
  • E.g. Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches, Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and appendix.
Spleen :
  • Bean-shaped organ. Contains lymphocytes and phagocytes → It removes worn-out RBCs and microorganisms from blood → It is a reservoir of erythrocytes in foetus.
Lymph nodes :
  • Found in lymphatic system → They trap microorganisms or other antigens → Trapped antigens activate lymphocytes and cause immune response.
MALT :
  • Located within the lining of respiratory, digestive and urinogenital tracts called mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. It constitutes 50% of lymphoid tissue.
#30 SUB 4M 🖼 2

Question

Describe : Acquired Immunity.
OR
Explain molecular structure of antibody with diagram.[NCERT Exercise Q.9]
OR
Draw a well labelled diagram for H2L2.

Answer

The body is able to defend itself from most of these foreign agents.
This over all ability of the host to fight the diseases-causing organisms, conferred by the immune system is called immunity.
Immunity is of two types :
  • Innate immunity
  • Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity is pathogen specific. It is characterised by memory.
This means that our body, when encounters a pathogen for the first time, produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity.
Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response.
The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood,
i.e., B-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes.
There are two type of acquired immune response.

(i) Antibody Mediated Immune response or / Humoral Immune response.

The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies.
The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells produce them.
Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two longer, called heavy chains.
Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2. Different types of antibodies are produced in our body.
IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them. Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called humoral immune response.

(ii) Cell Mediated Immune response

The second type is called cell-mediated immune response or cell- mediated immunity (CMI).
The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI.
Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft / transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno suppresants all his life.
The body is able to differentiate ‘self’ and ‘non self’ and the CMI is responsible for graft rejection.
#31 SUB 2M

Question

State the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS.

Answer

Diagnosis
Diagnostic test for AIDS- Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).
Treatment of AIDS
  • Treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drugs- partially effective
  • Drugs can only prolong the life of the patient but can not prevent death, which is inevitable.
#32 SUB 2M

Question

Give the full name of the following.

Answer

MALT : Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
AIDS : Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
CMI : Cell Mediated Immunity
NACO : National AIDS Control Organization
HIV : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
#33 SUB 2M

Question

Mention the mode of transmission of HIV.
OR
What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?

Answer

Modes of Transmission of HIV infection :
(a) sexual contact with infected person.
(b) transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
(c) sharing infected needles as in the case of intravenous drugs abusers
(d) from infected mother to her child through placenta.
#34 SUB 2M

Question

State the symptoms of AIDS.

Answer

There are three stages of HIV infections.
(1) The asymptomatic HIV infections :
In this, person looks healthy, HIV symptoms are not appeared but a person act as a carrier of the HIV.
(2) Acute HIV infections :
It is the earliest stage of HIV infection, and it generally develops within 2 to 4 weeks.
During this time, some people have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, rash, blood in the stool, loss of appetite and weight loss.
This is called AIDS related complex (ARC)
ARC developes into chronic disease (AIDS)
(3) AIDS :
This is last stage of AIDS and following symptoms appeared.
Rapid weight loss up to 10 percent without any reason.
Recurring fever for more than one month.
Common cold cough, pneumonia etc.
Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands.
Skin cancer
#35 SUB 3M PYQ 🖼 1

Question

With the help of labelled diagram, show replication of retrovirus.
(MARCH 2024) (JULY 2023)
OR
What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?

Answer

Mechanism of action/replication of HIV :
1) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency virus)
is a RNA virus
  • After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages where RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
  • This viral DNA gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles.
  • The macrophages continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV factory.
  • Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes.
  • This is repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.
  • During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss. Due to decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes, the person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise, overcome such as those due to bacteria especially Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like Toxoplasma. The patient becomes so immuno-deficient that he/she is unable to protect himself/herself against these infections.
#36 SUB 2M

Question

State the measures to prevent AIDS.
OR
Explain prevention of AIDS.

Answer

AIDS can not be cured, caution is the best option.
(1) HIV infection which includes making blood (from blood banks) safe.
(2) From HIV, ensuring the use of only disposable needles and syringes in public and private hospitals and clinics
(3) Free distribution of condoms
(4) Controlling drug abuse
(5) Advocating safe sex and promoting regular
check-ups for HIV in susceptible populations.
#37 SUB

Question

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

Answer

Cell growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated which is lacking in cancerous cells
Normal cell shows a property of contact inhibition which inhibits uncontrolled growth
Cancer cells appear to have lost this property. As a result of this, cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called tumors.
#38 SUB 3M

Question

What is meant by metastasis?
OR
Give difference between Benign and Malignant cancer and explain the agents responsible for transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells.(AUGUST 2020)
OR
Describe the causative agents of cancer; Explain different diagnosis method of cancer.(MARCH 2025)

Answer

Cancerous cells continue to divide giving rise to mass of cells called tumours.
There are two types of tumours :
(1) Benign tumour:
(2) Malignant tumour:
(1) Benign tumour:
Confined to the place of its origin. They do not spread to other parts. Cause little damage.
(2) Malignant tumour:
Mass of proliferating cells (neoplastic or tumour cells) that grow rapidly, invade and damage the surrounding normal tissues.
Due to active division and growth, they starve normal cells by competing for nutrients.
Cells sloughed from tumors reach other sites via blood where they form a new tumour. This is called metastasis.
#39 SUB 2M

Question

State the causes of cancer.

Answer

Causes of Cancer :
Normal cells transformed into cancerous neoplastic cells by physical, chemical and biological agents.
These agents are called carcinogens.

(1) Physical agents: Ionizing radiation like X-rays, gamma rays, non-ionizing radiations like UV-rays.

(2) The chemical carcinogens: present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer.

(3) Biological agents :

  • Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have a gene called viral oncogenes, induce transformation of neoplastic cells.
  • Cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes in normal cells, when activated lead to oncogenic transformation of the normal cells.
#40 SUB 2M

Question

Explain detection and diagnosis of cancer.

Answer

Detection of Cancer :
(1) Biopsy and histopathological study
  • Tissue and blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts (leukemias);
  • Biopsy of a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist.
(2) Radiography like X-rays, CT (computerized tomography)
  • Techniques like radiography (use of x-rays), CT (computed tomography) and MRI (Magnetic resonance detect cancers of the internal organs).
  • CT Scan : Computed tomography uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object. Used to detect cancers of the internal organs.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) :

  • Uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.
(3) Molecular diagnostic technique :
  • Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers.
  • Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers.
  • Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual to certain cancers, may be very helpful in prevention of cancers.
  • Such individuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which they are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer).
#41 SUB 2M PYQ

Question

Write about diagnosis and treatment of Cancer.
(MARCH 2025, JUNE 2024)

Answer

Surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy are commonly used to treat cancer.
(1) In radiation therapy, the tumour is treated with lethal radiation, but care is taken not to injure the surrounding normal cells.
(2) Some chemotherapy drugs (chemotherapeutic drugs) are used to kill cancer cells. Some of these drugs are specific for specific tumours.
Most medicines have side effects like hair loss, anaemia etc.

(3) Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

(4) Immunotherapy - involves use of biological response modifier like α-interferon which activates immune system to detect the cancer cells and destroy them.

#42 SUB 2M 🖼 2

Question

Draw the chemical structure of a molecule of morphine and cannabinoids.

Answer

Chemical structure of morphine : (C17H19NO3) molecule
Chemical structure of the molecule Cannabinoids: (C21H30O2)
#43 SUB 2M

Question

Give your comment on Opioids.

Answer

Refer diagram A from Q.42
(1) Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
(2) Heroin commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound.
(3) This is obtained by acetylation of morphine which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum.
(4) Generally, it is taken by snorting and injections, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.
#44 SUB 2M

Question

Give information about Cannabinoids.

Answer

Refer diagram B from Q.42
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain.
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa.
The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis
plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja.
Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.
#45 SUB 2M

Question

Write in brief about cocaine drug.

Answer

Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America.
It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine.
Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted.
It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of strong feeling of happiness (euphoria) and increased energy.
Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura
These days cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons, actors/celebrates etc.
#46 SUB 2M

Question

Mention the effects of smoking on human health.

Answer

It contains alkaloid nicotine which is a stimulant and toxin.
(1) Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline which increases blood pressure and heart rate.
(2) Smoking of tobacco increases chances of lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart diseases, cancer of throat, gastric ulcer, cancer of urinary bladder etc.
(3) Smoking of tobacco also increases carbon monoxide content of blood and reduces concentration of haem-bound oxygen which causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
#47 SUB 🖼 1

Question

Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.

Answer

Consumption of alcohol or drugs is intuitively addictive in nature, it increases and provides temporary strong feeling of happiness euphoria.
Repeated use of drugs increases the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body leads to higher doses of drugs and alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.
#48 SUB 🖼 1

Question

Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?

Answer

Yes, friends can influence one to take drugs. Following measures can be taken to prevent :
(i) Avoiding measures peer pressure.
(ii) Not taking undue pressure of failures beyond its threshold.
(iii) Getting counselling from a counsellor
(iv) Seeking help from parents and peers
(v) Seeking medical help.
#49 SUB 3M

Question

Discuss the important measures that are useful in preventing and controlling the use of alcohol and drugs in youth.

Answer

(i) Avoid undue peer pressure :
(a) Every child has his/her own choice and personality, which should be respected and nurtured.
(b) A child should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her threshold limits; be it studies, sports or other activities.
(ii) Education and counseling :
(a) Educating and counseling him/her to face problems and stresses and to accept disappointments and failures as a part of life.
(b) It would also be worthwhile to channelise the child's energy into healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga and other extracurricular activities.
(iii) Seeking help from parents and peers :
(a) Help from parents and peers should be sought immediately, so that, they can guide appropriately.
(b) Help may even be sought from close and trusted friends. Besides, getting proper advice to sort out their problems, this would help youth to vent their feelings of anxiety and guilt.
(iv) Looking for danger signs :
(a) Alert parents and teachers need to look for and identify the danger signs discussed above.
(b) Even friends, if they find someone using drugs or alcohol, should not hesitate to bring this to the notice of parents or teachers in the best interests of the person concerned.
(c) Appropriate measures would then be required to diagnose the malady and the underlying causes.
This would help in initiating proper remedial steps or treatment.
(v) Seeking professional and medical help :
(a) A lot of help is available in the form of highly qualified psychologists, psychiatrists, and de-addiction and rehabilitation programs to help individuals who have unfortunately got into quagmire of drug/alcohol abuse.
(b) With such help, the affected individual with sufficient efforts and will power, can get rid of the problem completely and lead a perfectly normal and healthy life.
Q.50.Explain that adolescence is a very sensitive phase of a person's mental and scientific development.
Ans. The period between 12-18 years of age may be thought of as adolescence period.
Adolescence is a bridge linking childhood and adulthood.
It is accompanied by several biological and behavioural changes.
Thus, it is a very vulnerable phase of mental and psychological development of an individual.
The first use of drugs or alcohol may be out of curiosity or experimentation.
The problem becomes more complicated with the initiation of consumption of such substances.
Some, teenagers use it to escape from problems.
Of late, stress, from pressures to excel in academics or examinations, has played a significant role in persuading the youngsters to try alcohol and drugs.
The perception among youth that it is 'cool' or progressive to smoke, use drugs or alcohol, is also in a way a major cause for youth to start these habits.
At puberty, a person feels a pressure to create an identity.
Television, movies, newspapers, internet also help to promote this perception.
Family instability or lack of mutual support is also a cause of psychological stress.
Q.51.Explain addiction and dependence in your words.
Ans. Because of the perceived benefits, drugs are frequently used repeatedly.
The most important thing, which one fails to realise, is the inherent addictive nature of alcohol and drugs.
Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects –such as euphoria and a temporary feeling of well-being associated with drugs and alcohol.
These drive people to take them even when these are not needed, or even when their use becomes self-destructive.
With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body increases.
Consequently the receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.
However, it should be clearly borne in mind that use of these drugs even once, can be a fore-runner to addiction.
Thus, the addictive potential of drugs and alcohol, pull the user into a vicious circle leading to their regular use (abuse) from which he/she may not be able to get out.
In the absence of any guidance or counselling, the person gets addicted and becomes dependent on their use.
Dependence is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued.
This is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating, which may be relieved when use is resumed again.
In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life threatening and the person may need medical supervision.
Dependence leads the patient to ignore all social norms in order to get sufficient funds to satiate his/her needs. These result in many social adjustment problems.
Q.52.List the harmful effects caused by drug/alcohol abuse.
OR
Describe any four effects of alcohol and drug abuse.
Ans. The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence.
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure or cerebral hemorrhage.
A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally, results in overdosing and even deaths.
The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth include drop in academic performance, unexplained absence from school/college, lack of interest in personal hygiene, withdrawal, isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behaviour, deteriorating relationships with family and friends, loss of interest in hobbies, change in sleeping and eating habits, fluctuations in weight, appetite, etc.
Those who take drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein using a needle and syringe), are much more likely to acquire serious infections like AIDS and Hepatitis B.
The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damages nervous system and liver (cirrhosis).
The use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy is also known to adversely affect the foetus.
Another misuse of drugs is what certain sportspersons do to enhance their performance.
They (mis)use narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote aggressiveness and as a result increase athletic performance.
The side-effects of the use of anabolic steroids in females include masculinisation (features like males), increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth on the face and body, enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice.
In males it includes acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, reduction of size of the testicles, decreased sperm production, potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, breast enlargement, premature baldness, enlargement of the prostate gland.
These effects may be permanent with prolonged use. In the adolescent male or female, severe facial and body acne, and premature closure of the growth centres of the long bones may result in stunted growth.
Q.53.What is withdrawal syndrome? Describe its Symptoms.
OR
Write about withdrawal syndrome.
Ans. Dependency is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome if regular dose of drug / alcohol is abrupty discontinued. This is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating etc.
S type: 219 Q ⤓ Export ZIP
#1 MCQ 1M

Question

The term 'health' is defined in many ways. The most accurate definition of the health would be:

Options

  1. (A) Health is the state of body and mind in a balanced condition
  2. (B) Health is the reflection of a smiling face
  3. (C) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
  4. (D) Health is the symbol of economic prosperity.

Answer

(C) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

#2 MCQ 1M

Question

Diseases are broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases.
In the list given below, identify the infectious diseases.
i. Cancer ii. Influenza
iii. Allergy iv. Small pox

Options

  1. (A) i and ii
  2. (B) ii and iii
  3. (C) iii and iv
  4. (D) ii and iv

Answer

(D) ii and iv

#3 MCQ 1M

Question

The organisms which cause diseases in plants and animals are called :

Options

  1. (A) Pathogens
  2. (B) Vectors
  3. (C) Insects
  4. (D) Worms

Answer

(A) Pathogens

#4 MCQ 1M

Question

The clinical test that is used for diagnosis of typhoid is:

Options

  1. (A) ELISA
  2. (B) ESR
  3. (C) PCR
  4. (D) Widal

Answer

(D) Widal

#5 MCQ 1M

Question

The disease-chikungunya is transmitted by :

Options

  1. (A) House fly
  2. (B) Aedes mosquito
  3. (C) Cockroach
  4. (D) Female Anopheles

Answer

(B) Aedes mosquito

#6 MCQ 1M

Question

The sporozoites, that cause infection when a female Anopheles mosquito bites a person, are formed in:

Options

  1. (A) liver of the person
  2. (B) RBCs of mosquito
  3. (C) salivary glands of mosquito
  4. (D) gut of mosquito

Answer

(D) gut of mosquito

#7 MCQ 1M

Question

In malignant tumours, the cells proliferate, grow rapidly and move to other parts of the body to form new tumours. This stage of disease is called:

Options

  1. (A) metagenesis
  2. (B) metastasis
  3. (C) teratogenesis
  4. (D) mitosis

Answer

(B) metastasis

#8 MCQ 1M

Question

Many diseases can be diagnosed by observing the symptoms in the patient. Which group of symptoms are indicative of pneumonia?

Options

  1. (A) Difficulty in respiration, fever, chills, cough, headache
  2. (B) Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, blood clots
  3. (C) Nasal congestion and discharge, cough, constipation, headache
  4. (D) High fever, weakness, stomach pain, loss of appetite and constipation

Answer

(A) Difficulty in respiration, fever, chills, cough, headache

#9 MCQ 1M

Question

Cancer causing genes are called :

Options

  1. (A) structural genes
  2. (B) expressor genes
  3. (C) oncogenes
  4. (D) regulatory genes

Answer

(C) oncogenes

#10 MCQ 1M

Question

When an apparently healthy person is diagnosed as unhealthy by a psychiatrist, the reason could be that:

Options

  1. (A) the patient was not efficient at his work
  2. (B) the patient was not economically prosperous
  3. (C) the patient shows behavioural and social maladjustment
  4. (D) he does not take interest in sports

Answer

(C) the patient shows behavioural and social maladjustment

#11 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which one is not a mode of transmission of HIV?

Options

  1. (A) Transfusion of contaminated blood
  2. (B) Sharing the infected needles
  3. (C) Shaking hands with infected persons
  4. (D) Sexual contact with infected persons

Answer

(C) Shaking hands with infected persons

#12 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following are the reason(s) for Rheumatoid arthritis? Choose the correct option.
i. The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self cells increases.
ii. Body attacks self cells
iii. More antibodies are produced in the body
iv. The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self cells is lost

Options

  1. (A) i and ii
  2. (B) ii and iv
  3. (C) iii and iv
  4. (D) i and iii

Answer

(B) ii and iv

#13 MCQ 1M

Question

'Smack' is a drug obtained from the:

Options

  1. (A) latex of Papaver somniferum
  2. (B) leaves of Cannabis sativa
  3. (C) flowers of Datura
  4. (D) fruits of Erythroxylum coca

Answer

(A) latex of Papaver somniferum

#14 MCQ 1M

Question

The substance produced by a cell in viral infection that can protect other cells from further infection is:

Options

  1. (A) serotonin
  2. (B) colostrum
  3. (C) interferon
  4. (D) histamine

Answer

(C) interferon

#15 MCQ 1M

Question

Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain patients often fails due to rejection of such tissues/organs by the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?

Options

  1. (A) auto-immune response
  2. (B) humoral immune response
  3. (C) physiological immune response
  4. (D) cell-mediated immune response

Answer

(D) cell-mediated immune response

#16 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?

Options

  1. (A) Spleen
  2. (B) Tonsils
  3. (C) Pancreas
  4. (D) Thymus

Answer

(C) Pancreas

#17 MCQ 1M

Question

Antibodies present in colostrum which protect the new born from certain diseases is of

Options

  1. (A) Ig G type
  2. (B) Ig A type
  3. (C) Ig D type
  4. (D) Ig E type

Answer

(B) Ig A type

#18 MCQ 1M

Question

Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The component causing this could be:

Options

  1. (A) Nicotine
  2. (B) Tannic acid
  3. (C) Curamin
  4. (D) Catechin

Answer

(A) Nicotine

#19 MCQ 1M

Question

Antivenom against snake poison contains:

Options

  1. (A) Antigens
  2. (B) Antigen-antibody complexes
  3. (C) Antibodies
  4. (D) Enzymes

Answer

(C) Antibodies

#20 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following glands is large sized at birth but reduces in size with ageing?

Options

  1. (A) Pineal
  2. (B) Pituitary
  3. (C) Thymus
  4. (D) Thyroid

Answer

(C) Thymus

#21 MCQ 1M

Question

Haemozoin is a :

Options

  1. (A) precursor of hemoglobin
  2. (B) toxin released from Streptococcus infected cells
  3. (C) toxin released from Plasmodium infected RBCs
  4. (D) toxin released from Haemophilus infected cells

Answer

(C) toxin released from Plasmodium infected RBCs

#22 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following is not the causal organism for ringworm?

Options

  1. (A) Microsporum
  2. (B) Trichophyton
  3. (C) Epidermophyton
  4. (D) Macrosporum

Answer

(D) Macrosporum

#23 MCQ 1M

Question

A person with sickle cell anemia is

Options

  1. (A) more prone to malaria
  2. (B) more prone to typhoid
  3. (C) less prone to malaria
  4. (D) less prone to typhoid

Answer

(C) less prone to malaria

#24 MCQ 1M

Question

What is expression of physical, mental and social well being by human?

Options

  1. (A) Health
  2. (B) Immunity
  3. (C) Diseased condition
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(A) Health

#25 MCQ 1M

Question

If a human-being is healthy, then he/she becomes efficient of ________ .

Options

  1. (A) productivity is boosted leading to economic prosperity.
  2. (B) lengthens individual's life.
  3. (C) decreases death of children and women.
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#26 MCQ 1M

Question

What is essential for preserving good health?

Options

  1. (A) Balanced diet
  2. (B) Personal hygiene
  3. (C) Regular exercise
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#27 MCQ 1M

Question

What is necessary for good health?

Options

  1. (A) Awareness on the diseases and the influence of it on body's different functions.
  2. (B) Vaccination against infectious diseases, proper disposal of wastage, restraint of organisms who carries the pathogens.
  3. (C) Make arrangements for healthy and hygienic food and arrangement of water resources.
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#28 MCQ 1M

Question

What is disease?
(A) Any physical or functional change in normal condition which creates unhealthiness and weakness.

Options

  1. (B) Ruins the health of a living being.
  2. (C) Any physical or functional change in normal conditions which create health and energy.
  3. (D) and (B)

Answer

(D) and (B)

#29 MCQ 1M

Question

Which pathogens are responsible for infectious diseases?

Options

  1. (A) Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes, Arthropods
  2. (B) Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Coelenterata
  3. (C) Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Mollusca
  4. (D) Virus, Bacteria, Nematode, Protozoa, Echinoderms

Answer

(A) Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes, Arthropods

#30 MCQ 1M

Question

In which organ, do we find bacteria of typhoid?

Options

  1. (A) Stomach
  2. (B) Oesophagus
  3. (C) Intestine
  4. (D) Respiratory tract

Answer

(C) Intestine

#31 MCQ 1M

Question

What is responsible for Pneumonia ?

Options

  1. (A) Patient sputum
  2. (B) Patient food
  3. (C) Patient faeces
  4. (D) Patient urine

Answer

(A) Patient sputum

#32 MCQ 1M

Question

Which bacteria causes typhoid ?

Options

  1. (A) Salmonella typhi
  2. (B) Pneumococcus
  3. (C) Haemophilus influenzae
  4. (D) Streptococcus

Answer

(A) Salmonella typhi

#33 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following are the symptoms of typhoid ?

Options

  1. (A) Headache, Stomachache, Constipation, burning sensation in intestine and colon.
  2. (B) Headache, Intestinal pain, Constipation burning sensation in stomach and colon.
  3. (C) Severe weakness, pain in intestine, burning in kidney and large intestine.
  4. (D) Headache, Severe weakness, pain in intestine and burning in stomach.

Answer

(A) Headache, Stomachache, Constipation, burning sensation in intestine and colon.

#34 MCQ 1M

Question

Pneumonia is disease of X and the fluid gets collected in Y.
Y = Alveoli and Wind pipe
Y = Alveoli and Lungs
Y = Alveoli and Wind pipe
Y = Alveoli and Lungs

Options

  1. (A) X = Respiratory tract,
  2. (B) X = Respiratory tract,
  3. (C) X = Digestive tract,
  4. (D) X = Digestive tract,

Answer

(B) X = Respiratory tract,

#35 MCQ 1M

Question

What is the incubation period of Pneumococcus bacteria?

Options

  1. (A) 1 - 2 weeks
  2. (B) 1 - 3 days
  3. (C) 1 - 4 days
  4. (D) 1 - 3 weeks

Answer

(B) 1 - 3 days

#36 MCQ 1M

Question

Common cold is caused by X which infects Y.
Y = Nose and Respiratory tract
Y = Nose and Lungs
Y = Respiratory tract and Lungs
Y = Respiratory tract and Lungs

Options

  1. (A) X = Rhino virus,
  2. (B) X = Rhino virus,
  3. (C) X = Retro virus,
  4. (D) X = Rhino virus,

Answer

(A) X = Rhino virus,

#37 MCQ 1M

Question

In which organ infection does not occur by entry of Rhino virus?

Options

  1. (A) Nose
  2. (B) Respiratory tract
  3. (C) Respiratory tube
  4. (D) Lungs

Answer

(D) Lungs

#38 MCQ 1M

Question

Which host shows life cycle of Plasmodium ?

Options

  1. (A) Human and Female Anopheles mosquito
  2. (B) Human being and Male Anopheles mosquito
  3. (C) Human being and Anopheles mosquito
  4. (D) Human being and Female Culex fatigans mosquito

Answer

(A) Human and Female Anopheles mosquito

#39 MCQ 1M

Question

Which microorganism is responsible for different types of Malaria ?

Options

  1. (A) Plasmodium falciparum
  2. (B) Plasmodium vivax
  3. (C) Plasmodium quantum
  4. (D) and (B) both

Answer

(D) and (B) both

#40 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one is the appropriate pair ?

Options

  1. (A) Pneumonia - Salmonella typhi
  2. (B) Common cold - Retro virus
  3. (C) Malaria - Plasmodium vivax
  4. (D) Filariasis - Female Anopheles mosquito

Answer

(C) Malaria - Plasmodium vivax

#41 MCQ 1M

Question

Which disease shows the symptoms?
(i) Severe fever in first and third week.
(ii) Fever decreases sequentially in 3rd and 4th week.
(iii) Headache.
(iv) Enlargement of spleen and liver.

Options

  1. (A) Common cold
  2. (B) Malaria
  3. (C) Pneumonia
  4. (D) Typhoid

Answer

(D) Typhoid

#42 MCQ 1M

Question

Where do filarial worms reside in human?

Options

  1. (A) Lymph nodes
  2. (B) Lymph vessels
  3. (C) and (B) both
  4. (D) Lymphatic cell

Answer

(C) and (B) both

#43 MCQ 1M

Question

What should be done to preserve good health?

Options

  1. (A) Eat fresh vegetables and fruits
  2. (B) Take fresh water and food
  3. (C) Keep body hygienic
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#44 MCQ 1M

Question

Which disease shows these symptoms :
(i) Thickening of skin and epithelial tissue.
(ii) Swelling in hands, legs, leg sole, breast and scrotum.
(iii) It blocks lymphatic vessels in chronic condition.
(iv) Fever in acute condition.

Options

  1. (A) Malaria
  2. (B) Elephantiasis
  3. (C) Typhoid
  4. (D) Pneumonia

Answer

(B) Elephantiasis

#45 MCQ 1M

Question

Which mosquito is responsible for dengue and chikungunya?

Options

  1. (A) Aedes
  2. (B) Culex fatigans
  3. (C) Male Anopheles
  4. (D) Female Anopheles

Answer

(A) Aedes

#46 MCQ 1M

Question

What is responsible for following disease?
(i) Responsible for elephantiasis.
(ii) Adult worm lives for 5 to 8 years.
(iii) They reside in lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes in human.

Options

  1. (A) Female Anopheles
  2. (B) Salmonella typhi
  3. (C) Filarial worm
  4. (D) Plasmodium vivax

Answer

(C) Filarial worm

#47 MCQ 1M

Question

Which fungi causes ring worm?

Options

  1. (A) Microsporum
  2. (B) Trichophyton
  3. (C) Epidermophyton
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#48 MCQ 1M

Question

Which fish eats mosquito larvae?

Options

  1. (A) Gambusia
  2. (B) Catla
  3. (C) Hilsa
  4. (D) Mrigal

Answer

(A) Gambusia

#49 MCQ 1M

Question

Malaria parasite completes its life-cycle in

Options

  1. (A) One host
  2. (B) Two host
  3. (C) Three host
  4. (D) Reservoir host

Answer

(B) Two host

#50 MCQ 1M

Question

Disease caused by the biting of Culex mosquito is

Options

  1. (A) Filariasis
  2. (B) Dengue fever
  3. (C) Yellow fever
  4. (D) Pneumonia

Answer

(A) Filariasis

#51 MCQ 1M

Question

The malignant tertian malaria is caused by

Options

  1. (A) Plasmodium vivax
  2. (B) Plasmodium falciparum
  3. (C) Plasmodium ovale
  4. (D) Plasmodium malariae

Answer

(B) Plasmodium falciparum

#52 MCQ 1M

Question

'Amoebiasis' (amoebic dysentery) is caused by

Options

  1. (A) Plasmodium vivax
  2. (B) Entamoeba gingivalis
  3. (C) Entamoeba histolytica
  4. (D) Trypanosoma gambiense

Answer

(C) Entamoeba histolytica

#53 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following is the infective stage of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium)?

Options

  1. (A) Gametocyte
  2. (B) Merozoite
  3. (C) Sporozoite
  4. (D) Trophozoite

Answer

(C) Sporozoite

#54 MCQ 1M

Question

Haemozoin is a toxic substance formed in case of malaria. It is produced by

Options

  1. (A) Globin protein of RBC
  2. (B) Colour pigment of RBC
  3. (C) Dead WBC
  4. (D) Cryptozoites

Answer

(B) Colour pigment of RBC

#55 MCQ 1M

Question

Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by

Options

  1. (A) Imperfectly cooked pork
  2. (B) Tse-tse fly
  3. (C) Mosquito bite
  4. (D) Contaminated water and vegetables

Answer

(D) Contaminated water and vegetables

#56 MCQ 1M

Question

Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by

Options

  1. (A) Sand fly
  2. (B) Tse-tse fly
  3. (C) Anopheles mosquito
  4. (D) Culex

Answer

(D) Culex

#57 MCQ 1M

Question

The active form of Entamoeba histolytica feeds upon

Options

  1. (A) food in intestine
  2. (B) blood only
  3. (C) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon
  4. (D) mucosa and submucosa of colon only.

Answer

(C) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon

#58 MCQ 1M

Question

Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by

Options

  1. (A) Tse-tse-fly
  2. (B) mosquito bite
  3. (C) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris
  4. (D) eating imperfectly cooked pork.

Answer

(C) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris

#59 MCQ 1M

Question

Identify the site where Wuchereria bancrofti is normally found in human body.

Options

  1. (A) Muscles of the legs
  2. (B) Blood vessels of the thigh region
  3. (C) Skin between the fingers
  4. (D) Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs

Answer

(D) Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs

#60 MCQ 1M

Question

Ringworm in humans is caused by

Options

  1. (A) bacteria
  2. (B) fungi
  3. (C) nematodes
  4. (D) viruses.

Answer

(B) fungi

#61 MCQ 1M ▦ 1

Question

Match the disease in column I with the appropriate items (pathogen/prevention/ treatment) in column II.

Column I

Column II

A

Amoebiasis

i

Treponema pallidum

B

Diphtheria

ii

Use only sterilized food and water

C

Cholera

iii

DPT Vaccine

D

Syphilis

iv

Use oral rehydration therapy

Options

  1. (A) A − i, B − i, C − iii, D − iv
  2. (B) A − ii, B − iii, C − iv, D − i
  3. (C) A − i, B − ii, C − iii, D − iv
  4. (D) A − ii, B − iv, C − i, D − iii

Answer

(B) A − ii, B − iii, C − iv, D − i

#62 MCQ 1M

Question

Where will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?

Options

  1. (A) Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
  2. (B) Red blood corpuscles of human suffering from malaria
  3. (C) Spleen of infected humans
  4. (D) Salivary glands of a freshly moulted female Anopheles mosquito

Answer

(A) Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito

#63 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following options gives the correct match of a disease with its causative organism and mode of infection?

Options

  1. (A) Typhoid → Salmonella typhi → with inspired air
  2. (B) Pneumonia → Streptococcus pneumoniae → droplet infection
  3. (C) Elephantiasis → Wuchereria bancrofti → with infected water and food
  4. (D) Malaria → Plasmodium vivax → bite of male Anopheles mosquito

Answer

(B) Pneumonia → Streptococcus pneumoniae → droplet infection

#64 MCQ 1M

Question

A person suffering from a disease caused by Plasmodium, experiences recurring chill and fever at the time when

Options

  1. (A) the sporozoites released from RBCs are being rapidly killed and broken down inside spleen
  2. (B) the trophozoites reach maximum growth and give out certain toxins
  3. (C) the parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs
  4. (D) the microgametocytes and megagametocytes are being destroyed by the WBCs.

Answer

(C) the parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs

#65 MCQ 1M

Question

Mosquito is not a vector for this disease

Options

  1. (A) Malaria
  2. (B) Chikungunya
  3. (C) Ringworm
  4. (D) Filariasis

Answer

(C) Ringworm

#66 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following is a pair of viral diseases?

Options

  1. (A) Common cold, AIDS
  2. (B) Dysentery, common cold
  3. (C) Typhoid, tuberculosis
  4. (D) Ringworm, AIDS

Answer

(A) Common cold, AIDS

#67 MCQ 1M

Question

Salmonella typhi generally enter the small intestine through _______ and migrate to other body parts through _______. The correct combination to fill the blanks is

Options

  1. (A) contaminated food and water; blood
  2. (B) Only contaminated food; blood
  3. (C) skin; blood
  4. (D) air; blood

Answer

(A) contaminated food and water; blood

#68 MCQ 1M

Question

Ring worm is due to the infection of

Options

  1. (A) Bacteria
  2. (B) Virus
  3. (C) Fungi
  4. (D) Mosquito

Answer

(C) Fungi

#69 MCQ 1M

Question

The ability of the host to fight against infectious agent is called ________.

Options

  1. (A) Immunity
  2. (B) Digestive system
  3. (C) Adversibility
  4. (D) Aggressiveness

Answer

(A) Immunity

#70 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following is a physiological barrier?

Options

  1. (A) Skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract, saliva in mouth
  2. (B) Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears flow from eyes
  3. (C) WBCs, killer cells, skin, tears
  4. (D) Acid in stomach, respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin

Answer

(B) Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears flow from eyes

#71 MCQ 1M

Question

What is the expanded form of PMNL?

Options

  1. (A) Polymorpho Nucleotide Leucocytes
  2. (B) Polymorpho Nucleoside Leucocytes
  3. (C) Polymorpho Nuclear Leucocytes
  4. (D) Polymorpho Nuclear Lymphocytes

Answer

(C) Polymorpho Nuclear Leucocytes

#72 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following protects uninfected cells from viruses?

Options

  1. (A) Interferons
  2. (B) Interside
  3. (C) Leucocytes
  4. (D) Immunoglobulin

Answer

(A) Interferons

#73 MCQ 1M

Question

Which is memory based Immunity?

Options

  1. (A) Innate Immunity
  2. (B) Active Immunity
  3. (C) Acquired Immunity
  4. (D) Passive Immunity

Answer

(C) Acquired Immunity

#74 MCQ 1M

Question

Which type of response is intense?

Options

  1. (A) Secondary
  2. (B) Innate
  3. (C) Primary
  4. (D) Tertiary

Answer

(A) Secondary

#75 MCQ 1M

Question

Acid in stomach : Physiological barrier, Interferon : ________ .

Options

  1. (A) Physical barrier
  2. (B) Physiological barrier
  3. (C) Cytokine barrier
  4. (D) Cellular barrier

Answer

(C) Cytokine barrier

#76 MCQ 1M

Question

Tears of eyes : Physiological barrier, Skin : ________ .

Options

  1. (A) Physical barrier
  2. (B) Physiological barrier
  3. (C) Cytokine barrier
  4. (D) Cellular barrier

Answer

(A) Physical barrier

#77 MCQ 1M

Question

How is H2L2 represented in antibody ?

Options

  1. (A) It has two small light chain and two long heavy chains.
  2. (B) It has two small light chain and two short heavy chains.
  3. (C) It has two small short chains and two small heavy chains.
  4. (D) It has two small long chains and two long heavy chains.

Answer

(A) It has two small light chain and two long heavy chains.

#78 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following are types of antibodies?

Options

  1. (A) IgA, IgB, IgC, IgD, IgE
  2. (B) IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgG
  3. (C) IgA, IgH, IgK, IgD, IgE
  4. (D) IgA, IgP, IgQ, IgR, IgG

Answer

(B) IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgG

#79 MCQ 1M

Question

Which antibody contains fluid present in mother's milk in initial stages after childbirth?

Options

  1. (A) Colostrum
  2. (B) Cholesterol
  3. (C) Clostridium
  4. (D) Calcisterol

Answer

(A) Colostrum

#80 MCQ 1M

Question

What is used to prepare Hepatitis B vaccine?

Options

  1. (A) Bacteria
  2. (B) Virus
  3. (C) Algae
  4. (D) Yeast

Answer

(D) Yeast

#81 MCQ 1M

Question

Vaccination protects individuals from diseases because ________ .

Options

  1. (A) produces antigens.
  2. (B) produces antibodies.
  3. (C) increases number of RBCs
  4. (D) helps in digestion process of the body.

Answer

(B) produces antibodies.

#82 MCQ 1M

Question

On what basis the principle of immunisation works?

Options

  1. (A) Memory
  2. (B) Self
  3. (C) Identification
  4. (D) To phage

Answer

(A) Memory

#83 MCQ 1M

Question

What is used when Tetanus enters in the body?

Options

  1. (A) Antigen
  2. (B) Antioxidant
  3. (C) Antitoxin
  4. (D) Oxytocin

Answer

(C) Antitoxin

#84 MCQ 1M

Question

Which microorganisms are used to prepare vaccine?

Options

  1. (A) Bacteria and Amoeba
  2. (B) Bacteria and Yeast
  3. (C) Yeast and Amoeba
  4. (D) Yeast and Euglena

Answer

(B) Bacteria and Yeast

#85 MCQ 1M

Question

What is the severe response of immune system towards specific antigen of environment known as?

Options

  1. (A) Allergy
  2. (B) Asthma
  3. (C) Allergens
  4. (D) Primary Allergen

Answer

(A) Allergy

#86 MCQ 1M

Question

Which part helps to obtain antibodies from mother during pregnancy?

Options

  1. (A) Umbilical cord
  2. (B) Uterus
  3. (C) Placenta
  4. (D) Amniotic fluid

Answer

(C) Placenta

#87 MCQ 1M

Question

Which diseases shows this symptoms?
(i) Running nose
(ii) Tears flowing from eyes
(iii) Sneezing
(iv) Difficulty in breathing

Options

  1. (A) Pneumonia
  2. (B) Typhoid
  3. (C) Allergy
  4. (D) AIDS

Answer

(C) Allergy

#88 MCQ 1M

Question

Which medicines are used to reduce symptoms of allergy quickly?

Options

  1. (A) Antihistamine
  2. (B) Adrenaline
  3. (C) Steroid
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#89 MCQ 1M

Question

From which diseases more and more children suffer in most of the cities?

Options

  1. (A) Asthma
  2. (B) Bronchitis
  3. (C) Pneumonia
  4. (D) Malaria

Answer

(A) Asthma

#90 MCQ 1M

Question

Due to genetic and other unknown reasons the body attacks self cells, it is known as.

Options

  1. (A) Innate Immunity
  2. (B) Auto Immunity
  3. (C) Acquired Immunity
  4. (D) Immunity

Answer

(B) Auto Immunity

#91 MCQ 1M

Question

Which are the examples of auto immunity?

Options

  1. (A) Cancer, Rheumatoid, Jaundice, Malaria
  2. (B) Rheumatoid, Diabetes, Pneumonia
  3. (C) Rheumatoid, Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis
  4. (D) Diabetes, Typhoid, Elephantiasis, Common cold

Answer

(C) Rheumatoid, Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis

#92 MCQ 1M

Question

________ produces all types of blood cells.

Options

  1. (A) Thymus
  2. (B) Liver
  3. (C) Bone marrow
  4. (D) Spleen

Answer

(C) Bone marrow

#93 MCQ 1M

Question

The immune system which works against self is

Options

  1. (A) Self immune system
  2. (B) Autoimmunity
  3. (C) Specific immunity
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(B) Autoimmunity

#94 MCQ 1M

Question

Agents which produce allergy is known as

Options

  1. (A) Antigens
  2. (B) Allergens
  3. (C) Oncogens
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(B) Allergens

#95 MCQ 1M

Question

Hypersensitivity towards any foreign material or particle is known as

Options

  1. (A) Hypergenital disease
  2. (B) Congenital disease
  3. (C) Cancer
  4. (D) Allergy

Answer

(D) Allergy

#96 MCQ 1M

Question

Lymphocytes secrete a protein which causes the dilation of blood vessels. The protein is

Options

  1. (A) Pyrogens
  2. (B) Histamine
  3. (C) Interferon
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(B) Histamine

#97 MCQ 1M

Question

Lacking of B-cells and T-cells is known as

Options

  1. (A) Toxigenicity
  2. (B) Autoimmunity
  3. (C) Cytotoxins
  4. (D) Immune deficiency

Answer

(D) Immune deficiency

#98 MCQ 1M

Question

B-cells are lymphocytes which produce the humoral immunity. These cells are produced by

Options

  1. (A) Liver
  2. (B) Spleen
  3. (C) Thymus
  4. (D) Bone marrow

Answer

(D) Bone marrow

#99 MCQ 1M

Question

T-cells are lymphocytes which produce the cellular immunity. These are developed from

Options

  1. (A) Thymus
  2. (B) Liver
  3. (C) Spleen
  4. (D) Endothelium of blood vessels

Answer

(A) Thymus

#100 MCQ 1M

Question

When an organ is transplanted and is rejected by the body, the lymphocytes involved in this are ________

Options

  1. (A) T-cells
  2. (B) B-cells
  3. (C) Neutrophils
  4. (D) None

Answer

(A) T-cells

#101 MCQ 1M

Question

Passive immunity can be obtained by injecting

Options

  1. (A) Antigens
  2. (B) Antibodies
  3. (C) Antibiotics
  4. (D) Vaccination having weakened germs

Answer

(B) Antibodies

#102 MCQ 1M

Question

Antihistamine pills are to nullify

Options

  1. (A) Allergic reaction
  2. (B) Malaria
  3. (C) Typhoid
  4. (D) None of above

Answer

(A) Allergic reaction

#103 MCQ 1M

Question

Some people who have suffered from a disease may not be affected again during their life time; such immunity is called

Options

  1. (A) Natural immunity
  2. (B) Acquired immunity
  3. (C) Active immunity
  4. (D) Passive immunity

Answer

(B) Acquired immunity

#104 MCQ 1M

Question

Sensitivity to any allergen is related to

Options

  1. (A) Deviation from the process of immunity
  2. (B) Age of the person
  3. (C) Eating habit
  4. (D) Rise in environmental temperature

Answer

(A) Deviation from the process of immunity

#105 MCQ 1M

Question

A molecule that elicits an immune response is called

Options

  1. (A) Antibody
  2. (B) Antigen
  3. (C) Mutagen
  4. (D) Carcinogen

Answer

(B) Antigen

#106 MCQ 1M

Question

The antibodies are

Options

  1. (A) Gamma-globulins
  2. (B) Albumins
  3. (C) Vitamins
  4. (D) Sugar

Answer

(A) Gamma-globulins

#107 MCQ 1M

Question

The term 'active immunity' means

Options

  1. (A) Resistance developed after disease
  2. (B) Resistance developed before disease
  3. (C) Resistance rate of heart beat
  4. (D) Increasing quantity of blood

Answer

(A) Resistance developed after disease

#108 MCQ 1M

Question

The antibodies are

Options

  1. (A) Lipids
  2. (B) Germs
  3. (C) Proteins
  4. (D) Carbohydrates

Answer

(C) Proteins

#109 MCQ 1M

Question

Humoral immunity is due to

Options

  1. (A) B− lymphocytes
  2. (B) T−lymphocytes
  3. (C) L−Lymphocytes
  4. (D) P− Lymphocytes

Answer

(A) B− lymphocytes

#110 MCQ 1M

Question

Antibodies are produced by

Options

  1. (A) Erythrocytes
  2. (B) Thrombocytes
  3. (C) Monocytes
  4. (D) Lymphocytes

Answer

(D) Lymphocytes

#111 MCQ 1M

Question

When the children without T−cells and
B− cells are kept in germ free isolation suits, then the disease is

Options

  1. (A) Immunity less hybrids
  2. (B) Anti-antigens immune system
  3. (C) SCID (severed combined immuno deficiency)
  4. (D) None of these

Answer

(C) SCID (severed combined immuno deficiency)

#112 MCQ 1M

Question

Active immunity is obtained by

Options

  1. (A) Antibodies
  2. (B) Weakened germs infection
  3. (C) Natural resistance
  4. (D) None of these

Answer

(B) Weakened germs infection

#113 MCQ 1M

Question

Which is an auto immune disease

Options

  1. (A) Cancer
  2. (B) Asthma
  3. (C) Rheumatoid arthritis
  4. (D) Erythroblastosis foetalis

Answer

(C) Rheumatoid arthritis

#114 MCQ 1M

Question

The main reason why antibiotics could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated diseases is

Options

  1. (A) Insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics
  2. (B) Inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes
  3. (C) Decreased efficiency of the immune system
  4. (D) The development of mutant strains resistant to antibiotics

Answer

(D) The development of mutant strains resistant to antibiotics

#115 MCQ 1M

Question

Types of immunity are _______.

Options

  1. (A) 1
  2. (B) 2
  3. (C) 3
  4. (D) 4

Answer

(B) 2

#116 MCQ 1M

Question

A non-infectious unnatural and unusual reaction of a person to any substance or condition for which he is hypersensitive is termed as

Options

  1. (A) Infection
  2. (B) Immunity
  3. (C) Allergy
  4. (D) Toxin

Answer

(C) Allergy

#117 MCQ 1M

Question

MALT constitutes about ________ percent of the lymphoid tissue in human body.

Options

  1. (A) 20
  2. (B) 70
  3. (C) 10
  4. (D) 50

Answer

(D) 50

#118 MCQ 1M

Question

In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self-cells, then it leads to

Options

  1. (A) autoimmune disease
  2. (B) active immunity
  3. (C) allergic response
  4. (D) graft rejection

Answer

(A) autoimmune disease

#119 MCQ 1M

Question

If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence ?

Options

  1. (A) Haemocytes
  2. (B) Serum globulins
  3. (C) Fibrinogen in plasma
  4. (D) Serum albumins

Answer

(B) Serum globulins

#120 MCQ 1M

Question

Increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are related to

Options

  1. (A) eating fruits preserved in tin containers
  2. (B) inhalation of seasonal pollen
  3. (C) low temperature
  4. (D) hot and humid environment.

Answer

(B) inhalation of seasonal pollen

#121 MCQ 1M

Question

When ready-made ________ are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents, it is called passive immunity.

Options

  1. (A) Bacteria
  2. (B) Vaccines
  3. (C) Antibodies
  4. (D) Antigens

Answer

(C) Antibodies

#122 MCQ 1M

Question

Antigen binding site is present on

Options

  1. (A) Antibody
  2. (B) Virus
  3. (C) Bacteria
  4. (D) Dust particle

Answer

(A) Antibody

#123 MCQ 1M

Question

Antibodies are produced by________

Options

  1. (A) T - lymphocytes
  2. (B) B - lymphocytes
  3. (C) RBC
  4. (D) None

Answer

(B) B - lymphocytes

#124 MCQ 1M

Question

The principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of ________

Options

  1. (A) Memory
  2. (B) Chemical reaction
  3. (C) Physical barrier
  4. (D) Antibody production

Answer

(A) Memory

#125 MCQ 1M

Question

Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like _______ and _______ from the _______ cells

Options

  1. (A) Histamine and serotonin, T -cells
  2. (B) Histamine and adrenalin, mast cells
  3. (C) Steroids and serotonin, B -cells
  4. (D) Histamine and serotonin, mast cells

Answer

(D) Histamine and serotonin, mast cells

#126 MCQ 1M

Question

HIV belongs to ________ .

Options

  1. (A) Retro virus
  2. (B) Rhino virus
  3. (C) and (B) both
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(A) Retro virus

#127 MCQ 1M

Question

Which enzyme helps to convert viral RNA into viral DNA?

Options

  1. (A) Reverse transcriptase
  2. (B) RNA transcriptase
  3. (C) DNA transcriptase
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(A) Reverse transcriptase

#128 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following causes transmission of AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) Organ transplant from infective donor.
  2. (B) HIV infected blood transfusion.
  3. (C) Heterosexual or Homosexual physical contact with AIDS patient.
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#129 MCQ 1M

Question

What are the symptoms of fully blown AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) Diarrhoea develops
  2. (B) Common cold, Cough, Pneumonia occurs
  3. (C) Inflammation in lymph glands
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#130 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS is caused by

Options

  1. (A) Fungi
  2. (B) HIV
  3. (C) Bacterium
  4. (D) TMV

Answer

(B) HIV

#131 MCQ 1M

Question

Immune deficiency syndrome in human could develop as a consequence of

Options

  1. (A) AlDS virus infection
  2. (B) Defective liver
  3. (C) Defective thymus
  4. (D) Weak immune system

Answer

(A) AlDS virus infection

#132 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following glands is often referred in relation with AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) Thyroid
  2. (B) Thymus
  3. (C) Adrenal
  4. (D) Pancreas

Answer

(B) Thymus

#133 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS can be transmitted by

Options

  1. (A) Blood circulation
  2. (B) Hand shake
  3. (C) Use of infected syringe
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(C) Use of infected syringe

#134 MCQ 1M

Question

Full form of AIDS is

Options

  1. (A) Anti immune deficiency syndrome
  2. (B) Auto immune deficiency syndrome
  3. (C) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  4. (D) Acquired immune disease symptom

Answer

(C) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

#135 MCQ 1M

Question

HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying

Options

  1. (A) helper T-lymphocytes
  2. (B) thrombocytes
  3. (C) B-lymphocytes
  4. (D) leucocytes.

Answer

(A) helper T-lymphocytes

#136 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS causing factors are associated with

Options

  1. (A) RNA virus
  2. (B) DNA virus
  3. (C) Bacteria
  4. (D) Protozoa

Answer

(A) RNA virus

#137 MCQ 1M

Question

The AIDS test is known as

Options

  1. (A) ELISA
  2. (B) Australian antigen
  3. (C) HIV test
  4. (D) None of these

Answer

(A) ELISA

#138 MCQ 1M

Question

‘ELISA’ test is done for the diagnosis of

Options

  1. (A) Anthrax
  2. (B) HIV
  3. (C) Hepatitis
  4. (D) Malaria

Answer

(B) HIV

#139 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS is characterised by a sharp reduction in

Options

  1. (A) Helper T− cells
  2. (B) Killer T− Cells
  3. (C) Suppressor T− Cells
  4. (D) B− lymphocytes

Answer

(A) Helper T− cells

#140 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS is caused by HIV that principally infects

Options

  1. (A) All lymphocytes
  2. (B) Activator B cells
  3. (C) TH lymphocytes
  4. (D) Cytotoxic T cells

Answer

(C) TH lymphocytes

#141 MCQ 1M

Question

AIDS related complex (ARC) is a disease which leads to fever, swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, loss in weight etc. represents

Options

  1. (A) Severe form of AIDS
  2. (B) Initial form of AIDS
  3. (C) No link with AIDS
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(B) Initial form of AIDS

#142 MCQ 1M

Question

Hormone produced against allergic reaction is

Options

  1. (A) Epinephrine
  2. (B) Nor-epinephrine
  3. (C) Glucocorticoid
  4. (D) Mineralocorticoid

Answer

(A) Epinephrine

#143 MCQ 1M

Question

How does AIDS virus enter into a man;

Options

  1. (A) Through food
  2. (B) Through kissing
  3. (C) Through water
  4. (D) Through blood

Answer

(D) Through blood

#144 MCQ 1M

Question

A - AIDS is caused by the HIV.
R - In AIDS, HIV enters into helper
T- lymphocytes

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct.
  2. (B) A and R both are incorrect.
  3. (C) A is correct, R is incorrect.
  4. (D) A is incorrect, R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct.

#145 MCQ 1M

Question

Which sentence is incorrect for AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) Viral RNA replicates with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase.
  2. (B) In AIDS T - lymphocytes increase in number.
  3. (C) A widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is ELISA
  4. (D) In AIDS person suffers from bouts of fever.

Answer

(B) In AIDS T - lymphocytes increase in number.

#146 MCQ 1M

Question

At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person
  2. (B) When the infected retro virus enters host cells
  3. (C) When HIV damages large number of helper T - lymphocytes
  4. (D) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase

Answer

(C) When HIV damages large number of helper T - lymphocytes

#147 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?

Options

  1. (A) The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
  2. (B) Drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection
  3. (C) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition
  4. (D) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

Answer

(D) The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.

#148 MCQ 1M

Question

HIV causes reduction in

Options

  1. (A) T− helper cells only
  2. (B) All T−cells
  3. (C) B− cells only
  4. (D) Both B and T− cells

Answer

(A) T− helper cells only

#149 MCQ 1M

Question

Which factor causes cancer?

Options

  1. (A) Carcinogen
  2. (B) Metastasis
  3. (C) Antigen
  4. (D) Differentiation

Answer

(A) Carcinogen

#150 MCQ 1M

Question

X-rays, Gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations like UV cause DNA damage leading to ________ tranformation.

Options

  1. (A) Oncogenes
  2. (B) Oncogenic virus
  3. (C) Neoplastic
  4. (D) Lipoplastic

Answer

(C) Neoplastic

#151 MCQ 1M

Question

Which are the diagnostic methods of cancer?

Options

  1. (A) Clinical examination
  2. (B) Histocytological test
  3. (C) Radiation technique
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#152 MCQ 1M

Question

In which method of cancer strong magnetic fields and non ionizing radiation are used ?

Options

  1. (A) CT Scan
  2. (B) PET
  3. (C) MRI
  4. (D) UV

Answer

(C) MRI

#153 MCQ 1M

Question

What is used to destroy cells of cancer tumour?

Options

  1. (A) Anticancer drugs
  2. (B) Interferon
  3. (C) PAP smear
  4. (D) and (B) both

Answer

(D) and (B) both

#154 MCQ 1M

Question

Viruses which cause cancer are known as ________ .

Options

  1. (A) Oncogenic viruses
  2. (B) Retro virus
  3. (C) HIV
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(A) Oncogenic viruses

#155 MCQ 1M

Question

______ protect uninfected cells from viruses.

Options

  1. (A) PMNL
  2. (B) Mast cells
  3. (C) T cells
  4. (D) Interferons

Answer

(D) Interferons

#156 MCQ 1M

Question

Uncontrolled and undifferentiated mass of cells is known as

Options

  1. (A) Tumour
  2. (B) Overgrowth
  3. (C) Cancer
  4. (D) Hypertrophy

Answer

(A) Tumour

#157 MCQ 1M

Question

Cancer cells are characterized by

Options

  1. (A) Uncontrolled growth
  2. (B) Invasion of local tissue
  3. (C) Spreading to other body parts
  4. (D) All the above

Answer

(D) All the above

#158 MCQ 1M

Question

The genes concerned with the production of cancer are called

Options

  1. (A) Cancer genes
  2. (B) Carcinogenes
  3. (C) Carcinomas
  4. (D) Oncogenes

Answer

(D) Oncogenes

#159 MCQ 1M

Question

Benign tumour is the one which is

Options

  1. (A) Shows metastasis
  2. (B) Differentiated and capsulated
  3. (C) Undifferentiated and noncapsulated
  4. (D) Differentiated and noncapsulated

Answer

(B) Differentiated and capsulated

#160 MCQ 1M

Question

Carcinogenic agent is

Options

  1. (A) X− ray radiation
  2. (B) U.V. radiation
  3. (C) Nicotine
  4. (D) All the above

Answer

(D) All the above

#161 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancers?

Options

  1. (A) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  2. (B) Radiography (X − ray)
  3. (C) Computed tomography (CT)
  4. (D) Histopathological studies

Answer

(A) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

#162 MCQ 1M

Question

Smoking addiction is harmful because it produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which cause

Options

  1. (A) Reduction in oxygen transport
  2. (B) Increase in blood pressure
  3. (C) Cancer
  4. (D) Retardation of growth of foetus

Answer

(C) Cancer

#163 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following statements is not true for cancer cells in relation to mutations?

Options

  1. (A) Mutations inactivate the cell control.
  2. (B) Mutations inhibit production of telomerase.
  3. (C) Mutations in protooncogenes accelerate the cell cycle.
  4. (D) Mutations destroy telomerase inhibitor.

Answer

(B) Mutations inhibit production of telomerase.

#164 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following is not a property of cancerous cells? Whereas, the remaining three are

Options

  1. (A) They compete with normal cells for vital nutrients.
  2. (B) They do not remain confined in the area of formation.
  3. (C) They divide in an uncontrolled manner.
  4. (D) They show contact inhibition

Answer

(D) They show contact inhibition

#165 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Options

  1. (A) Benign tumours show the property of metastasis
  2. (B) Heroin accelerates body functions
  3. (C) Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
  4. (D) Patients who have undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain.

Answer

(C) Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis

#166 MCQ 1M

Question

In cancer, ________ uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.

Options

  1. (A) Radiography
  2. (B) Computed tomography
  3. (C) MRI
  4. (D) ELISA

Answer

(C) MRI

#167 MCQ 1M

Question

X - Chemical carcinogens are responsible for lung cancer.
Y - Strong magnetic field is used in CT − Scan to diagnose cancer.

Options

  1. (A) X − Y incorrect
  2. (B) X - Correct, Y - Incorrect
  3. (C) X -Incorrect, Y - Correct
  4. (D) X − Y correct

Answer

(B) X - Correct, Y - Incorrect

#168 MCQ 1M

Question

What is known as 'pain reliever' drug?

Options

  1. (A) Marijuana
  2. (B) Morphine
  3. (C) Nicotine
  4. (D) LSD

Answer

(B) Morphine

#169 MCQ 1M

Question

Which substance draws out anxiety, fear and stress and inspires pleasant feeling?

Options

  1. (A) Opium
  2. (B) Codeine
  3. (C) Morphine
  4. (D) Marijuana

Answer

(A) Opium

#170 MCQ 1M

Question

Which medicine is used in cough syrup?

Options

  1. (A) Morphine
  2. (B) LSD
  3. (C) Codeine
  4. (D) Marijuana

Answer

(C) Codeine

#171 MCQ 1M

Question

X is an unclear byproduct of Heroine.

Options

  1. (A) X = Morphine
  2. (B) X = Codeine
  3. (C) X = Opium
  4. (D) X = Smack

Answer

(D) X = Smack

#172 MCQ 1M

Question

X group of chemicals gets connected to receptors of Y.

Options

  1. (A) X = Heroine, Y = Brain
  2. (B) X = Cannabinoids, Y = Body
  3. (C) X = Cannabinoid, Y = Brain
  4. (D) X = Morphine, Y = Body

Answer

(C) X = Cannabinoid, Y = Brain

#173 MCQ 1M

Question

From which part we obtain Bhang, Ganja, Charas and Marijuana? Choose the sequence.

Options

  1. (A) Dry tip flowers, dry leaves and flowers.
  2. (B) Dry leaves, flowers and green leaves of the apex.
  3. (C) Dry leaves, flowers and dry flowers of the apex.
  4. (D) Dry leaves, branches and dry flowers of the apex.

Answer

(C) Dry leaves, flowers and dry flowers of the apex.

#174 MCQ 1M

Question

Which one of the following is a hallucinogenic drug?

Options

  1. (A) Caffeine
  2. (B) Morphine
  3. (C) Lysergic acid diethylamide
  4. (D) Opium

Answer

(C) Lysergic acid diethylamide

#175 MCQ 1M

Question

The period between 12-18 years of child is:

Options

  1. (A) Adolescene
  2. (B) Childhood
  3. (C) Infancy
  4. (D) Adulthood

Answer

(A) Adolescene

#176 MCQ 1M

Question

Which are the factors for habits of drugs and alcohol in Adolescence?

Options

  1. (A) Unsupportive family structure
  2. (B) Not getting proper facilities due to poor financial condition of family
  3. (C) Family pressure
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#177 MCQ 1M

Question

Which are the symptoms of withdrawal syndrome?

Options

  1. (A) Anxiety
  2. (B) Nausea
  3. (C) Sweating
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#178 MCQ 1M

Question

Which system is damaged by excessive use of drug and alcohol as a result of Cirrhosis ?

Options

  1. (A) Respiratory system
  2. (B) Digestive system
  3. (C) Nervous system
  4. (D) Reproductive system

Answer

(C) Nervous system

#179 MCQ 1M

Question

Which of the following effects are seen in women by use of steroids?

Options

  1. (A) Increasing aggressiveness
  2. (B) Depression
  3. (C) Irregularity in menstrual cycle
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#180 MCQ 1M

Question

Which alkaloid obstructs hunger and stimulates central nervous system?

Options

  1. (A) Cocaine
  2. (B) Coke
  3. (C) Crack
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#181 MCQ 1M

Question

Which medicine is used as sleeping pills?

Options

  1. (A) Amphetamines
  2. (B) Barbiturates
  3. (C) Marijuana
  4. (D) Cannabinoid

Answer

(B) Barbiturates

#182 MCQ 1M

Question

Which stimulating pill people use to keep awake at night?

Options

  1. (A) Amphetamines
  2. (B) Cannabinoid
  3. (C) Barbiturates
  4. (D) Coke

Answer

(A) Amphetamines

#183 MCQ 1M

Question

What is increased in blood by frequent smoking?

Options

  1. (A) O2
  2. (B) CO
  3. (C) CO2
  4. (D) H2O

Answer

(B) CO

#184 MCQ 1M

Question

What happens in blood by smoking?

Options

  1. (A) CO2 increases and O2 decreases in Hb
  2. (B) CO2 decreases and O2 increases in Hb
  3. (C) CO2 increases and O2 increases in Hb
  4. (D) CO2 decreases and O2 increases in Hb

Answer

(A) CO2 increases and O2 decreases in Hb

#185 MCQ 1M

Question

'Bhang' and 'Ganja' are

Options

  1. (A) Extract of hemp plant - Cannabis sativa
  2. (B) Ripe poppy fruits and leaves
  3. (C) Dried leaves, flowers and buds of Cannabis indica plant
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(A) Extract of hemp plant - Cannabis sativa

#186 MCQ 1M

Question

The factor responsible for cirrhosis of liver is

Options

  1. (A) Sugar
  2. (B) Vitamins
  3. (C) Fats and oils
  4. (D) Alcoholism

Answer

(D) Alcoholism

#187 MCQ 1M

Question

Addiction to tobacco is caused by the presence of

Options

  1. (A) Caffeine
  2. (B) Nicotine
  3. (C) Cocaine
  4. (D) Histamine

Answer

(B) Nicotine

#188 MCQ 1M

Question

Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which

Options

  1. (A) Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
  2. (B) Causes gastric ulcers
  3. (C) Raises blood pressure
  4. (D) Is carcinogenic

Answer

(A) Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

#189 MCQ 1M

Question

Alcohol addiction causes

Options

  1. (A) Fatty liver syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases
  2. (B) Fatty liver syndrome, hypertension and psychosis
  3. (C) Cardiovascular diseases, ulcers, vitamin deficiency and all mental illness
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#190 MCQ 1M

Question

From unripe opium fruit, the opium is extracted. From this, which one of following groups of narcotic drugs are also prepared?

Options

  1. (A) Hashish, morphine, heroin
  2. (B) Hashish, codeine, pethidine and methadone
  3. (C) Codeine, pethidine, methadone, morphine and heroin
  4. (D) Codeine, pethidine, methadone, and cocaine

Answer

(C) Codeine, pethidine, methadone, morphine and heroin

#191 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Haemozoin is released due to rupture of RBCs.
Reason : When a person is infected by Plasmodium.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#192 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Plasmodium reproduce sexually in the human host.
Reason : The gametes of Plasmodium forms in the female Culex mosquito.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

#193 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : The infants get immunity from passive immunization.
Reason : Colostrum contains IgE antibody in a large amount.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(C) A is correct, but R is wrong.

#194 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Spleen is the large reservoir of erythrocytes.
Reason : Liver is a graveyard of erythrocytes.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(C) A is correct, but R is wrong.

#195 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Spleen acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.
Reason : Spleen has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#196 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : The RNA genome of HIV is replicated in Viral DNA in human
Reason : HIV contains enzyme transcriptase

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(C) A is correct, but R is wrong.

#197 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Chill and high fever is seen in the malaria patient
Reason : Due to rupture of RBC toxic substance haemazoin is released.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#198 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Drug addicted person who take drugs intravenously has chance to get infections like hepatitis-B
Reason : Disease infection are transferred from one person to another by sharing of infected needles and syringe.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#199 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Nicotine raise blood pressure and in increase heart rate.
Reason : Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#200 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : The receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction of a person.
Reason : With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of the receptors present in our body increases.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#201 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Through vaccination, a person becomes immunised against specific pathogenic infection.
Reason : B and T memory cells produce massive antibodies and overwhelm the invaders.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#202 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Cell mediated Immunity is responsible for the organ rejection in case of organ transplant
Reason : Immune system of a body is capable to recognize between self and non-self antigen

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#203 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Cancer is most dreaded Infectious disease.
Reason : AIDS was first reported in USA-1986.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.

#204 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Innate immunity gives primary response.
Reason : Acquired immunity gives secondary response.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

#205 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : α-Interferons is used in the treatment of cancer.
Reason : Interferon protects the cell from the viral infection.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.

#206 MCQ 1M

Question

Assertion : Pneumonia is a severe disease related to respiration.
Reason : Due to accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and bronchiole, lungs do not get enough amount of oxygen.

Options

  1. (A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
  2. (B) A and R both are correct, but R is not correct explanation of A.
  3. (C) A is correct, but R is wrong.
  4. (D) A is wrong, but R is correct.

Answer

(A) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.

#207 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

What is 'A' in given diagram?

Options

  1. (A) Light Chain
  2. (B) Heavy Chain
  3. (C) Disulphide bond
  4. (D) Antigen binding site

Answer

(D) Antigen binding site

#208 MCQ 1M

Question

Identify the given chemical
HO
H
HO
O
N
CH3

Options

  1. (A) Cannabinoids
  2. (B) Morphine
  3. (C) Cholesterol
  4. (D) Amphitamines

Answer

(B) Morphine

#209 MCQ 1M

Question

Identify the given chemical.
OH
OH

Options

  1. (A) Morphins
  2. (B) Cannabinoids
  3. (C) Nicotine
  4. (D) None of the above

Answer

(B) Cannabinoids

#210 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

Identify 'X' in a given diagram.

Options

  1. (A) Sporozoite
  2. (B) Salivary gland
  3. (C) Mosquito host
  4. (D) Human host

Answer

(A) Sporozoite

#211 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

Choose the correct option for given plant.

Options

  1. (A) Hallucinating agent
  2. (B) Included in Solanaceae family
  3. (C) Included in dicot class
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#212 MCQ 1M

Question

Choose the correct statement for given diagram.
through mosquito
is filarial worm
the spread of diseases,
destroy breeding
site of mosquito.

Options

  1. (A) Disease is spread
  2. (B) Causative agent
  3. (C) To control / Inhibit
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#213 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

What is represented by 'a' in a given diagram?

Options

  1. (A) Heavy chain
  2. (B) light chain
  3. (C) Antigen binding site
  4. (D) Antibody binding site

Answer

(B) light chain

#214 MCQ 1M

Question

Which pathogen is responsible for the skin rashes /symptoms seen in the human of given image?

Options

  1. (A) Virus
  2. (B) Fungi
  3. (C) Protozoan
  4. (D) Bacteria

Answer

(B) Fungi

#215 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

Choose the correct option regarding 'X' in a given diagram.

Options

  1. (A) X- represents thymus
  2. (B) It is primary lymphoid organ
  3. (C) Responsible for cell mediated immunity
  4. (D) All of the above

Answer

(D) All of the above

#216 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

What indicates 'a', 'b' and 'c' in diagram ?

Options

  1. (A) a = Antibody binding site, b = Heavy chain, c = Light c
  2. (B) a = Antibody binding site, b = Light chain,
    c = Heavy c
  3. (C) a = Antigen binding site, b = Light chain, c = Heavy chain
  4. (D) a = Antigen binding site, b = Heavy chain,
    c = Light chain

Answer

(C) a = Antigen binding site, b = Light chain, c = Heavy chain

#217 MCQ 1M

Question

Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering branch is shown here ?

Options

  1. (A) Hallucinogen
  2. (B) Depressant
  3. (C) Stimulant
  4. (D) Pain killer

Answer

(A) Hallucinogen

#218 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

What is 'X' and 'Y' in a given figure?

Options

  1. (A) X = Reverse transcriptase, Y = DNA
  2. (B) X = Reverse transcriptase, Y = Viral Progeny
  3. (C) X = Viral Progeny, Y = DNA
  4. (D) X = DNA, Y = RNA

Answer

(B) X = Reverse transcriptase, Y = Viral Progeny

#219 MCQ 1M 🖼 1

Question

Identify the molecules

Options

(A)
and
(B)
shown below and select the right option giving their source and use.
(A) (A) Cocaine → Erythroxylum coca → Accelerates the transport of dopamine
(B) (B) Heroin → Cannabis sativa → Depressant sativa and slows down body functions
(C)
(B) Cannabinoid → Atropa belladonna → Produces hallucinations
(D)
(A) Morphine → Papaver somniferum → Sedative and pain killer
Correct option:

Answer

Options

  1. (A)
    and
  2. (B)
    shown below and select the right option giving their source and use.
    (A) (A) Cocaine → Erythroxylum coca → Accelerates the transport of dopamine
    (B) (B) Heroin → Cannabis sativa → Depressant sativa and slows down body functions
  3. (C)
    (B) Cannabinoid → Atropa belladonna → Produces hallucinations
  4. (D)
    (A) Morphine → Papaver somniferum → Sedative and pain killer

Answer

(D)

(A) Morphine → Papaver somniferum → Sedative and pain killer

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#1 CS

Question

Causes of diseases:
Health does not simply mean ‘absence of disease’ or ‘physical fitness’. It could be defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Typhoid and pneumonia is caused by bacteria while AIDS, common cold, dengue and chikungunya are caused by virus. Plasmodium and Amoeba causes malaria and amoebiasis. Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworms. Aedes mosquitoes is a vector for diseases like dengue and chikungunya , filariasis is spread by Culex mosquitoes. For diseases such as malaria and filariasis that are transmitted through insect vectors, the most important measure is to control or eliminate the vectors and their breeding places. Vaccinations are also done for certain diseases.
(i) What are the diseases caused by bacteria?
(ii) Name the mosquito vectors for malaria, elephantiasis and dengue?
(iii) What is health?
(iv) Give the names of pathogenic protozoans and disease caused by them.

Answer

(i) Typhoid - Salmonella typhi
Pneumonia - Streptococcus pneumoniae
(ii) Malaria - female Anopheles mosquito
Elephantiasis - culex mosquito
Dengue - Aedes mosquito
(iii) Health could be defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
(iv) Plasmodium falciparum - Malaria
Entamoeba histolytica - Amoebiasis
#2 CS 🖼 1

Question

Antibodies:
There are two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies. The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells to produce them. Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small chains called light chains and two longer called heavy chains.Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2 Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM,IgE, IgG are some of them. Because, these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called as humoral immune response. This is one of the two types of acquired immune response, first antibody mediated. The second type is called cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI).
(i) Which type of immunity is provided by B and T lymphocytes?
(ii) How many polypeptide chains are present in the molecule of antibody?
(iii) Rahul has undergone an organ transplant but the organ is rejected in his body. Which immunity is responsible for this response?
(iv) Where does B and T lymphocyte generated?

Answer

(i) B-cell : Antibody mediated immunity
T-cell : Cell mediated immunity
(ii) Total four chains : 2 light and 2 heavy (H2L2) chains
(iii) Cell mediated immunity (CMI)
(iv) Bone marrow
#3 CS

Question

Adversity of tobacco on human health.
Smoking also paves the way to hard drugs. Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than 400 years. It is smoked, chewed or used as a snuff. Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including nicotine, an alkaloid. Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, etc. Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of the oral cavity. Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen. This causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
(i) What happens due to increased level of CO in the blood?
(ii) How does tobacco consumption affect on
health?
(iii) Describe side effects of smoking.
(iv) Tobacco contains_____ chemical compound.

Answer

(i) Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen. This cause oxygen deficiency in the body.
(ii) Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including nicotine, an alkaloid, Nicotine present in tobacco stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline in to blood circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate.
(iii) Smoking is associated with increased incidence Oral cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer etc. Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of cancer of oral cavity.
(iv) Alkaloid nicotine
#4 CS

Question

Immunity:
Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. While we still do not understand the basis of this, two corollaries of this ability have to be understood. One, higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign molecules as well as foreign organisms. Most of the experimental immunology deals with this aspect. Two, sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease.
(i) What are the basis of acquired immunity in higher vertebrates?
(ii) Describe reasons for auto immune disease.
(iii) Give any two examples of auto immune diseases.
(iv) Which auto immune disease is caused by deficiency of insulin?

Answer

(i) Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self-cells.
(ii) Higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign molecules as well as foreign organisms but due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease.
(iii) Rheumatoid arthritis
Myasthenia gravis
(iv) IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
#5 CS

Question

A 25-year-old patient has been admitted to the hospital with intermittent episodes of high fever for the past week. He experiences unbearable chills with shivering before the fever sets in, and this cycle repeats itself every 48 to 72 hours. Blood tests reveal that parasites are asexually reproducing in his red blood cells (RBCs). When these cells rupture, a toxic substance called hemozoin is released, which is responsible for fever. According to the patient's report, he has contracted the most severe form of malaria which can be fatal.
The doctor explained that the female Anopheles mosquito is responsible for the spread of this disease, which introduces the parasite into the human body in an infectious state.
(i) Which of the following events is directly responsible for the repeated cycles of severe fever and chills seen in the patient ?
(a) Multiplication of sporozoites in liver cells.
(b) Rupture of blood cells and release of hemozoin
(c) Fertilisation and development in the gut of the mosquito
(d) Development of germ cells in red blood cells.
(ii) If this patient is infected by P. falciparum, how does it differ from other plasmodium species ?
(a) It damages only liver cells.
(b) It is known to cause the most severe and deadly malaria.
(c) It does not require a mosquito in its life cycle.
(d) None of the above.
(iii) Which statement is true regarding the requirement of two hosts to complete the life cycle of plasmodium ?
(a) The sexual stage occurs in humans and the asexual stage occurs in mosquitoes.
(b) Both stages (sexual and asexual) are completed only in humans.
(c) The asexual stage occurs in humans and the sexual stage occurs in mosquitoes.
(d) Only sexual reproduction occurs in both humans and mosquitoes.
(iv) Due to prolonged infection, which organ of the patient may experience enlargement ?
(a) Thymus (b) Spleen
(c) Appendix (d) Prostate gland

Answer

(i) (b) Rupture of blood cells and release of hemozoin
(ii) (b) It is known to cause the most severe and deadly malaria.
(iii) (c) The asexual stage occurs in humans and the sexual stage occurs in mosquitoes.
(iv) (b) spleen
#6 CS

Question

When our body encounters a pathogen for the first time it produces a slow and low intensity response. This is called primary response. But when it encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response. All these response are based on B and T lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes produce protein army known as antibodies. These antibodies have a specific structure and are of different types. Some antibodies are passed on to the child from the mother. If this system is disrupted, the body can damage its own cells.
(i) What is the main reason for the high intensity of anamnestic response?
(a) It is a part of Innate immunity.
(b) It is based on memory characteristic of immune system
(c) It is possible through passive immunity
(d) It does not require antibody.
(ii) Which antibody an infant get from a mother's milk (colostrum) and which type of immunity is it ?
(a) IgE, Active immunity
(b) IgG, Cellular immunity
(c) IgA, Passive immunity
(d) IgM, Innate immunity
(iii) Which statement is correct regarding structure and function of antibody ?
(a) It has H4L4 structure.
(b) It has antigen binding site, which forms antigen-antibody complex.
(c) It only present in digestive track.
(d) It is not an army of protein but lipid.
(iv) If a person's immune system fails to distinguish between 'self' and 'non-self' and destroys its own cells, what disease can it cause ?
(a) Ascariasis
(b) Rheumatoid Arthritis
(c) Typhoid
(d) Elephantiasis

Answer

(i) (b) It is based on memory characteristic of immune system.
(ii) (c) IgA , Passive immunity
(iii) (b) It has antigen binding site, which forms antigen - antibody complex.
(iv) (b) Rheumatoid Arthritis
#7 CS

Question

A person has a persistent decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in his blood. In the examination, it is found that they are infected with HIV, a retrovirus. After HIV enters the body, it enters macrophage cells, DNA from new viruses and its own RNA. This viral DNA incorporates into host genome and new viruses are produced. As a result, the patient's immune system becomes so weak that he finds even common bacterial (such as mycobacterium) and fatal fungal infections. According to the doctor, there can be a period of 5 to 10 years between infection and the appearance of symptoms.
(i) Why macrophages are called 'factories of HIV' ?
(a) Because, lymphocytes are synthesised in it.
(b) Because, HIV replicates and produce new viral molecules in it.
(c) Because, blood gets purified there.
(d) Because, It produces antibody.
(ii) Which enzyme helps in the production of viral DNA from viral RNA during the reproduction cycle of HIV ?
(a) Ligase
(b) Helicase
(c) Reverse transcriptase
(d) Protease
(iii) Due to the decrease in the number of which cells in an AIDS patient, he becomes a victim of serious opportunistic infections ?
(a) RBCs
(b) Natural Killer T-cells
(c) Helper T-lymphocytes
(d) Platelets
(iv) Which of the following beliefs about the spread of HIV is incorrect (i.e. HIV does not spread)?
(a) From sexual intercourse with a infected person.
(b) Only by physical touch and contact
(c) By using contaminated blood
(d) Infant from infected mother

Answer

(i) (b) Because, HIV replicates and produce new viral molecules in it.
(ii) (c) Reverse transcriptase
(iii) (c) Helper T-lymphocytes
(iv) (b) Only by physical touch and contact

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