Natural methods of contraception work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation could be expected. As chances of fertilization are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period. Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented. Withdrawal or coitus interruptus is another method in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation, so as to avoid insemination. Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based on the fact that these is no ovulation and therefore, the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore, as long as the mother breast-feeds the child fully, chances of conception are almost nil. However, this method has been reported to be effective only upto a maximum period of six months following parturition.

(a) Periodic abstinence

(b) Lactation amenorrhea

(c) Coitus interruptus

(d) All of the above