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Mention in brief about amniocentesis.

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It is carried out by testing a sample of the amniotic fluid from the uterus of pregnant women.
1. Amniocentesis is a test on the foetus carried out during pregnancy to check for and to detect chromosomal abnormalities like Down's syndrome, haemophilia, sickle cell anemia and other defects or disorders in the foetus.
2. It can also be used for sex determination. MTP is legalised because of increasing female foeticides.

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Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?

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Yes, sex education is necessary in schools to provide right information to youth. So as to discourage children from believing in myths and having misconceptions about sex related information.
Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), AIDS, etc., would help them to lead a reproductively healthy life.

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Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.

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Yes, the reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years. The areas of improvement are:
(i) Better awareness about sex related matters.
(ii) Increased number of medically assisted deliveries and better post-natal care leading to decreased Maternal and Infant Mortality Rates.
(iii) Increased number of couples with small families.
(iv) Better detection and cure of STDs and overall increased medical facilities for all sex-related problems.
(v) Due to awareness about vaccination, the Infant Mortality Rate is also decreased.

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Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.

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Yes, the ban is necessary. Because
Nowdays it (amniocentesis) is being used for sex determination.
In our country it is being misused to detect the sex of the child before birth and then aborting if it is a female (female foeticide).
This causes imbalance in the male and female ratio.

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Mention the reasons for population explosion ?

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The suggested reasons for population explosion are:
1. Rapid decline in death rate.
2. Decline in maternal and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
3. Increase in number of people in reproductive age and reproductive health.
4. Control on disease & good medical practices.
5. Increased health facilities, better living conditions.

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Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.

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Yes, the use of contraceptives is justified because of following reasons:
1. They help in controlling the rapid growth of human population.
2. They do not interfere with the sexual desire or act.
3. They are also helpful in preventing unwanted pregnancies and controlling STIs.
4. They do not have any side effects.

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Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?

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Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option because it will lead to permanent infertility.
Also, it will stop the secretion of various important hormones necessary for the body.
Other contraceptives can be used instead of removal of gonads.
Only such contraceptives can be used which can prevent fertilization instead of permanent infertility.

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Write a note on barrier method.OR Write a note on the barrier method of family planning.OR Describe contraceptive method which prevents physical meeting of ovum and sperms.

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Barrier Method contraceptive.
In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting with the help of barriers. Such methods are available for both males and females.

(i) Condoms :

(1) Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/ latex sheath.

(2) These are used to cover the penis of the male or vagina and cervix in the female, just before coitus so that, the ejaculated semen would not enter into the female reproductive tract.

(3) This (can) prevents conception.

(4) Use of condoms has increased in recent years due to its additional benefit of protecting the user from contracting STIs and AIDs.

(5) 'Nirodh' is a popular brand of condom for the male.

(ii) Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults :

They are made of rubber.
Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are also barriers, made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.
They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix.
Diaphragms can be of various shapes such as dome or cone shape.
They are reusable.
Chemical method :

- Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are usually used along with these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency.
- It kills the sperms by inhibiting oxygen carrying capacity of sperms.

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List any four characteristics of an ideal contraceptive.

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An ideal contraceptive should be
(i) User-friendly
(ii) Easily available
(iii) Effective and reversible with no or least side-effects.
(iv) It also should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or the sexual act of the user.
Contraceptive methods are presently available into the following categories :

(1) Natural / Traditional (2) Barrier

(3) IUDs (4) Oral contraceptives

(5) Injectables (6) Implants

(7) Surgical methods

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Explain the use of contraceptive method which is widely accepted in India. OR Explain Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)

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Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) :
Effective and popular method of contraception in India.
These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina. These are:

(i) Non-medicated : These Intra Uterine Devices are presently available as the non-medicated IUDs (e.g. Lippes loop).

(ii) Copper releasing IUDs : Copper releasing IUDs such as CuT, Cu 7, multiload 375 is used. IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperm.

(iii) Hormone releasing IUDs : hormone releasing IUDs such as progestasert, LNG-20 which make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

(IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who want to delay pregnancy or space children.)

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Explain the types of natural birth control methods.OR Explain any two natural birth control methods for population control.(JUNE 2024)

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Natural/Traditional Methods (Calendar Method)
Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting.
(a) Periodic abstinence :
Periodic abstinence is one such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
As chances of fertilization are very high during this period, it is called the fertile period.
Therefore, by abstaining from coitus during this period, conception could be prevented.
(b) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus :
Withdrawal or coitus interruptus is another method in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
(c) Lactational amenorrhea :
Lactational amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore, the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition.
Therefore, as long as the mother breast-feeds the child, chances of conception are almost nil.
As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side effects are almost nil. Chances of failure, though, of this method are also high.

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Describe the contraceptive technique which are highly effective but have very poor reversibility.OR Explain : Surgical Methods / Sterilization.OR Explain Vasectomy and tubectomy with diagram.

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Surgical Method of sterilisation :
Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are generally advised for the male/female partner as a terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies.
Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby prevent conception.
(1) Vasectomy :
Sterilisation procedure in the male is called ‘vasectomy’.
A small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
(2) Tubectomy :
Sterilisation procedure in female, is called tubectomy.
A small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
These techniques are highly effective but their reversibility is very poor.

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Give differences : Tubectomy and Vasectomy.

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| Tubectomy |  | Vasectomy
1. | Sterilization process in female is called tubectomy. | 1. | Sterilization Process in male is called vasectomy.
2. | A small part of fallopian tube is tied up or removed through a small incision in abdomen or through vagina. | 2. | A small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
3. | It prevents transportation of ovum. | 3. | It prevents transportation of sperm.

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Write about pills and explain How it is useful as a contraceptive? OR Write a short note on Contraceptive Pills.

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Pills :
Oral administration of small doses of either progesterones or progesterone-estrogen combinations.
They are used in the form of tablets and hence are popularly called Contraceptive pills.
They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard the entry of sperms.
Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females readily.
Saheli :

- The new oral contraceptive for the females contains a non-steroidal preparation.
- It is a ‘once a week’ pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.

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Write in Short about Medical Termination of Pregnancy.OR When MTP is essential ?(MARCH 2024)

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Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse.
MTPs are also essential in certain cases such as :
The pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both.
When there is a risk of physical or mental abnormality to foetus.
If pregnancy is a result of rape.
To get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive.
MTP is only performed by qualified Doctors.
MTPs are considered relatively safe up to the 12 weeks.

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State True/False with explanation :

(a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too. (True/False)(b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a (viable) offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner (True/False)(c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)(d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people. (True/False)

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True : Due to some internal factors abortions could happen spontaneously too.
Ans. False : Infertility is defined as the inability of the couple to produce baby even after unprotected sexual intercourse and it might occur due to abnormalities/ defects in either male or female or both.
Ans. True : (till six months after parturition).
Ans. True : Creating awareness about sex related aspects provides necessary information about reproductive health.

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Write a Note on : STIsOR How STIs cause problems in future?

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Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VDs) or reproductive tract infections (RTIs).
Infected females carriers may often be asymptomatic and hence, may remain undetected for long.
Absence or less significant symptoms in the early stages of infection and the social stigma attached to the STDs, deter the infected persons from going for timely detection and proper treatment.
This could lead to complications later, which include :

- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Abortions
- Still birth
- Ectopic pregnancies
- Infertility
- Cancer of the reproductive tract.

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How to Prevent STIs?OR What are the measures one has to take to prevent from STIs?OR What is sexually transmitted infection ? Give simple principles to control it. (MARCH 2024)

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One could be free of these infections by following the simple principles given below :
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt, one should go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.

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What are STIs ? Give the name of diseases and their pathogens.

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Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called STIs.

Disease | Pathogen | Type of pathogen
1. Gonorrhoea | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Bacteria
2. Syphilis | Treponema pallidum | Bacteria
3. Chlamydiasis | Chlamydia trachomatis | Bacteria
4. Genital herpes | Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | Virus
5. Genital warts | Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Virus
6. Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | Protozoan
7. Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B virus | Virus
8. AIDS | Human Immuno deficiency Virus | Virus

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Correct the following statements.

(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.(b) All Sexually Transmitted Diseases are completely curable.(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.(d) In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.

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Surgical methods of contraception prevent the flow of gamete during intercourse.
Ans. All Sexually Transmitted Diseases are not completely curable.
Ans. Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the urban women.
Ans. In E.T. technique, 8 celled embryos are transferred into the fallopian tube while more than 8 celled embryos are transferred into the uterus.

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Give differences between : ZIFT and GIFT

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Ans. Differences :

ZIFT | GIFT
1. The embryo having 8 blastomere is transfered to fallopian tube rather than uterus. | 1. The fertilization occurs within the female body (In vivo).
2. The fertilization of ovum and sperm is done by doctors in the laboratory (In vitro). | 2. Ovum which is collected from donor is transferred to fallopian tube of female.

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Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.OR Describe Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART) for infertility. OR Explain 'GIFT' and 'ZIFT' in assisted reproductive techniques.

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The infective couples could be assisted to have children through certain special techniques commonly known as assisted reproductive techniques.
(i) In Vitro Fertilisation :
Fertilization outside the body is done (in lab), almost similar conditions (as that in the body) followed by embryo transfer (ET) into the uterus of female.
In this method popularly known as test tube baby programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperm from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory.

(a) ZIFT - Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer :

- The zygote or early embryo (with upto 8 blastomeres) could (then) be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)

(b) IUT - Intra Uterine Transfer :

- Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres, transfers into the uterus (IUT-Intra Uterine Transfer), to complete its further development.

(c) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) :

- Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is another specialised procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.

(ii) In Vivo Fertilization
GIFT and AI both are included in (In vivo Fertilization).

(a) GIFT - Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer :

- Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube (GIFT - Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development is another attempted method (Surrogacy).

(b) AI :

- Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates, could be corrected by artificial insemination (Al) technique.
- In this technique, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI intra-uterine insemination) of the female.